Morning sickness, which affects most pregnant women, is thought to be a reaction to the
hormones human chorionic gonadotropin and thyroxine, which are secreted at
unusually high levels during pregnancy to maintain a healthy placenta.
One study directly assessed the brain functioning of children in foster care using the popular method of examining
levels of cortisol, the
hormone produced in response to stress in humans.25, 26 Children who are exposed to
high levels of stress show unusual patterns of cortisol production.27 Foster children exhibited
unusually decreased or elevated
levels of cortisol compared to children reared by their biological parents.28 Such findings are consistent with the literature, which points to the importance of the parent - child relationship in buffering the stress responses of children.