Sentences with phrase «upper atmosphere surface»

These shadows cover 30 to 43 percent of the planet's upper atmosphere surface from around 25 to 55 degrees latitude.

Not exact matches

Video analysis of the latest test led some analysts to conclude that the missile caught fire and disintegrated as it plunged back toward Earth's surface, suggesting that North Korea's engineers might not be capable yet of building a reentry vehicle that can carry the warhead safely through the upper atmosphere.

Big temperature differences between the surface and the upper atmosphere are another ingredient needed to form hurricanes.

Hmm, so you're telling me that a «heat shield» that was made of «special plastic» (as NASA called it back in the day), which was nothing but epoxy smeared over a ss honey comb «protected» the astros barreling into the upper atmosphere at hypersonic 5 miles / sec, or well over 30 times the velocity of a jumbo - jet and thru temperatures *** as quoted by NASA *** that are «10 times hotter than the surface of the sun», and then they «braked» with only a parachute to a safe splashdown?

Since the Martian magnetotail is formed by linking surface magnetic fields to solar wind fields, ions in the Martian upper atmosphere have a pathway to space if they flow down the magnetotail.

On the other hand, the upper troposphere is relatively rich in O3 and NOx from natural sources such as downward transport from the stratosphere and lightning; convective overturning conveys the O3 and NOx toward the Earth's surface where these components are more efficiently removed from the atmosphere.

Another good candidate is the solar wind — the plasma that streams from the sun's upper atmosphere and smashes high - energy protons into the moon's surface.

According to a year's worth of data sent back from the European Space Agency's Venus Express orbiter launched in November 2005, the second planet from the sun is nothing like Earth — from its torrid surface to the upper reaches of its acid - laced atmosphere.

This deep convection, the most conspicuous feature of the tropical circulation, in the company of precipitation transports latent heat from the earth's surface to the upper atmosphere.

When the team looked at the overall balance between the radiation upward from the surface of the ice sheet and the radiation both upward and downward from the upper levels of the atmosphere across all infrared wavelengths over the course of a year, they found that in central Antarctica the surface and lower atmosphere, against expectation, actually lose more energy to space if the air contains greenhouse gases, the researchers report online and in a forthcoming Geophysical Research Letters.

Scientists also claim that the impact of the asteroid would have filled Earth's atmosphere with sulphur trioxide, subsequently creating a gas cloud that would have caused a mass amount of sulphuric acid rain to fall in just a few days, making the surface of the ocean too acidic for upper ocean creatures to live.

Since Earth's water cycle is essentially evaporation from the surface, condensation in the upper atmosphere and precipitation (gravity sending that condensation back down), those little droplets are really just going home.

For instance, ozone depletion in the atmosphere occurs because of chemical reactions of hydrochloric acid on the surface of ice crystals and aerosols in the upper atmosphere.

The visible solar radiation mostly heats the surface, not the atmosphere, whereas most of the infrared radiation escaping to space is emitted from the upper atmosphere, not the surface.

Now new research shows that these eruptions on the sun's surface not only send bursts of energetic particles into Earth's atmosphere causing disturbances in the magnetic field, but they may also significantly decrease the number of free electrons over large areas in the polar region of the ionosphere — the ionized part of the upper atmosphere.

The hypothesis relates to an important component in tornado formation: the mixing of warm air on the surface and cold air in the upper atmosphere.

When a storm forms, it spins in one direction at the surface, and the opposite direction toward the upper atmosphere, creating a «dipole of vorticity.»

Kepler - 13Ab's strong surface gravity — six times greater than Jupiter's — then pulls the titanium oxide snow out of the upper atmosphere and traps it in the lower atmosphere on the nighttime side of the planet.

Scientists suspect water on the surface of Mars evaporates, rises into the upper atmosphere, breaks into hydrogen and oxygen atoms, and is then swept into outer space by the solar wind.

The gorgeous gold bands that run across the planet's surface are created by winds in the upper atmosphere that can reach speeds of up to 1,100 mph (1,800 km / h).

Most of the antiprotons come from antineutrons, which are generated when energetic cosmic rays strike the upper atmosphere tens of kilometers above Earth's surface, Bruno notes.

«The mounting evidence is coalescing around the idea that decades of stronger trade winds coincide with decades of stalls or even slight cooling of global surface temperatures, as heat is apparently transferred from the atmosphere into the upper ocean,» Linsley said.

At its height between 1960 and 1980, Polyarka was staffed by more than fifty working scientists, engineers, and technicians focused on measurements of surface weather, snow depth, sea ice, and conditions in the upper atmosphere.

However, radiation changes at the top of the atmosphere from the 1980s to 1990s, possibly related in part to the El Niño - Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon, appear to be associated with reductions in tropical upper - level cloud cover, and are linked to changes in the energy budget at the surface and changes in observed ocean heat content.

As the landers descended toward the surface they also measured composition and physical properties of the Martian upper atmosphere.

Direct photographs of a meteor's trail (the column of ionized gases formed by the passage of a meteoric body through the upper atmosphere) taken at two points on the Earth's surface several kilometres apart yield the most accurate data for tracing the path of a meteor.

If we think of hurricanes as Stirling heat engines, then we realize that the two reservoirs are the mixed layer of the surface ocean (1) and the upper atmosphere (2); note that there is a general trend of stratospheric cooling as well.

They found increases in sea surface temperature and upper ocean heat content made the ocean more conducive to tropical cyclone intensification, while enhanced convective instability made the atmosphere more favorable for the growth of these storms.

Also, Curiosity will carry a weather station, which will help the MAVEN team understand how changes in the upper atmosphere are related to changes at the surface.

Two new NASA missions, one that will roam the surface and another that will orbit the planet and dip briefly into its upper atmosphere, will try to discover what transformed Mars.

Continued thaw results in draining of surface waters and drying of upper soil layers, which might mitigate CH4 loss to the atmosphere [Watts et al., 2014].

These signatures indicate that the temperature of the upper layer of the planet's atmosphere increases with the distance from the planet's surface.

According to the authors of the study, this high - temperature atmosphere dissolved rocks on the Earth's surface, and carried the dissolved minerals to the upper atmosphere.

This recent slower warming in the upper ocean is closely related to the slower warming of the global surface temperature, because the temperature of the overlaying atmosphere is strongly coupled to the temperature of the ocean surface.

The transport is from the surface to the atmosphere as a whole, not just the upper troposphere.

Surface is warming but the upper atmosphere is cooling equally to surface warming, and there is no energy imbSurface is warming but the upper atmosphere is cooling equally to surface warming, and there is no energy imbsurface warming, and there is no energy imbalance.

O3 mixing ratio peaks in the upper atmosphere; water vapor mixing ratio declines from the surface to the tropopause, so that at wavelengths with sufficiently low water vapor optical thickness, LW cooling from water vapor is found at lower levels in the atmosphere.

Thus, adding absorption to some new band will initially tend to warm the colder upper atmosphere and radiatively cool the lower atmosphere and warm the surface (The forcing at any level will be positive, so the surface + troposphere will warm; if some of the increased flux escaping in parts of the spectrum where the abover layers have sufficiently small optical thickness, some of the upper - level cooling will persist.

Less TOA cooling will occur if bands are placed where, in the upper atmosphere or near TOA, they absorb more of the increases in radiation from below from surface + tropospheric (+ lower stratospheric) warming.

«The rapid warming of the Atlantic Ocean created high pressure zones in the upper atmosphere over that basin and low pressure zones close to the surface of the ocean,» said Prof Axel Timmermann, co-lead and corresponding author from the University of Hawaii.

The upper atmosphere has a small heat capacity and reaches equilibrium temperature in considerably under a year; this feeds back on the forcing of the trosphere + surface, which are generally convectively coupled with the ocean (strongly with the upper ocean) and take a number of years to reach equilibrium.

As we know from laboratory experiments, mathematical calculations, and observations of Venus and other planets in the Solar System, greenhouse gases change things in two ways: they trap heat from the sun in the lower atmosphere, thus making the surface of the planet warmer; and they keep heat from rising, thus making the upper atmosphere colder.

AT sufficiently short wavelengths, the temperature of the upper atmosphere and near TOA would have to be a sizable fraction of the surface temperature in order for the Planck function for higher levels to be a small fraction of the that at the surface (example: at 5 microns, relative to T = 250 K and the Planck function at 250 K, a 20 % reduction in temperature reduces the Planck function by about 94.4 %).

This simple radiative example (convective transport is not being allowed) shows that any finite surface temperature Ts can be supported in radiative equilibrium with any arbitrarily cold «upper atmosphere» temperature Tt, by prescribing the appropriate LW opacity TAU for the atmospheric layer, with the energy required to maintain a fixed Ts adjusted accordingly.

With no ozone, the atmospheric temperature would decrease monotonically, and we would instead have to speak of cooling of the «upper atmosphere» in conjunction with the surface warming due to increasing GHGs.

The lack of ozone is chilling the middle and upper atmosphere, altering wind patterns in a way that keeps comparatively warm air from reaching the surface.

«Sunlight passes through the atmosphere largely unhindered and warms the Earth's surface; the warmed surface radiates heat and some of this radiation is absorbed in the upper atmosphere and re-emitted, about half of the re-emitted energy returning to the Earth's surface.

We can divide the atmosphere into a lower part (LP), which includes the surface and is the source of IR, and an upper part (UP), which we are asked to assume will cool when CO2 increases, in conjunction with the expected warming of LP from the enhanced greenhouse effect.

As more optical thickness is added to a «new» band, it will gain greater control over the temperature profile, but eventually, the equilibrium for that band will shift towards a cold enough upper atmosphere and warm enough lower atmosphere and surface, such that farther increases will cool the upper atmosphere or just that portion near TOA while warming the lower atmosphere and surface — until the optical thickness is so large (relative to other bands) that the band loses influence (except at TOA) and has little farther effect (except at TOA).

IF the atmosphere is optically thick, then most of the OLR is not coming from the surface, and in fact is coming from the upper atmosphere — in a region whose optical thickness is smaller than the total atmosphere (hence, «reduced»).