Sentences with phrase «upper bound estimates»

The first row (445 - 535ppm CO2 - eq) gives the upper bound estimate of the literature only.

Not exact matches

«Even upper - bound estimates indicate that less than 0.1 % of the total force would seek transition - related care that could disrupt their ability to deploy,» the study stated.

For the household sector as a whole, this upper - bound estimate of the effect is relatively modest.

On the upper bound, with the personal capital data, we could probably estimate where a typical mass affluent person hits the cross-over point where the snowball of passive income creates an ever increasing pile of dough.

The researchers said the numbers were «an upper bound» estimate, but «appear to be compelling.»

This larger estimate suggests that the true effect may be closer to the upper bound of the interval we identified above.

Assuming the upper - bound estimate of teachers» impact, U.S achievement could reach that in Canada and Finland if we replaced with average teachers the least effective 5 to 7 percent of teachers, respectively.

Environmental Topics include: Earth Facts Population Facts Animal Conservation Facts Recycling Facts Human Consumption Facts Media Facts My own statistics Maths Topics include: Big Numbers Standard Form Estimating Fractions Percentages Rounding numbers Multiplying large numbers Adding and Subtracting large numbers Error intervals (upper and lower bounds) Circumference Negative Numbers Speed The document is 12 pages in total.

On sensitivity positive and negative feedbacks: Since the temps are pushing the upper bounds of the estimated ranges, one could say reasonably that what we don't know has more in common with the speed of the feedbacks, not the question of CO2 sensitivity as you infer.

Considering these effects nearly doubles the contribution of thermosteric SLR compared to previous estimates and increases the reasonable upper bound of 2100 SLR projections by 0.25 m.

The number of features does like this does not put a significant upper bound on methane flux any more than a good estimate of heat loss through geysers puts an upper limit on the geothermal flux of the Earth.

Would it be possible to do a similar estimate for an upper bound of ETS?

For example, if this contribution were to grow linearly with global average temperature change, the upper ranges of sea level rise for SRES scenarios shown in Table SPM - 3 would increase by 0.1 m to 0.2 m. Larger values can not be excluded, but understanding of these effects is too limited to assess their likelihood or provide a best estimate or an upper bound for sea level rise.

The right - hand panel shows ranges of global average temperature change above pre-industrial, using (i) «best estimate» climate sensitivity of 3 °C (black line in middle of shaded area), (ii) upper bound of likely range of climate sensitivity of 4.5 °C (red line at top of shaded area)(iii) lower bound of likely range of climate sensitivity of 2 °C (blue line at bottom of shaded area).

The best estimate for climate sensitivity is 3 °C, the lower bound is 2 °C and the upper bound is 4.5 °C.

However, taking account of sampling uncertainty (as most more recent detection and attribution studies do, including those shown in Figure 9.9) makes relatively little difference to estimates of attributable warming rates, particularly those due to greenhouse gases; the largest differences occur in estimates of upper bounds for small signals, such as the response to solar forcing (Allen and Stott, 2003; Stott et al., 2003a).

The upper bound in CO2 emissions reductions due to RGGI is an econometric model that estimates that emissions would have been 24 percent higher without the program.

Our assessment suggests that upper - bound estimates from low - resolution models and physical arguments9 (up to a metre by 2100 and around one and a half by 2200) are implausible under current understanding of physical mechanisms and potential triggers.

Since range maps are known to overestimate range size by over interpolating patchy species distributions [38], range map derived diversity should provide an upper - bound on diversity estimates.

The upper bound is an econometric model that estimates that emissions would have been 24 percent higher without the program.

The IPCC estimates a likely upper bound for sea level rise, for instance, at about a meter, but under much stronger warming scenarios.

In particular, a Gregory - 02 lower bound estimate is more reliable than their median value, given the upper bound uncertainties.

Once you accept that upper bound it seems silly to disagree with the experts on the best estimate in the range 0 - 10.

Nic Re: «Shindell TCR estimate range... is unbounded on the upside» Shindell's TCR upper bound does not sound realistic compared to nature and physics.

Importantly, the upper uncertainty bounds of the new estimates are much lower.»

Chylek et al. (1996a) estimated an upper bound for increased absorption of solar radiation of 1 to 3 Wm - 2 (global and annual average) for a black carbon concentration of 0.5 mgm - 3.

The right - hand side of the IPCC AR5 range is actually the 90 % upper bound (the IPCC does not actually state the value for the upper 95 percent confidence bound of their estimate).

Jerry Taylor of the Cato Institute thinks his assumptions show signs of cherry - picking: the report used «upper - bound estimates for warming» (i.e., a rise higher than 2 to 3 degrees Celsius), but lower - bound estimates for the economic cost of reducing emissions.

And the only purely observational study featured in AR4, Forster & Gregory (2006), which used satellite observations of radiation entering and leaving the atmosphere, also gave a best estimate of 1.6 °C, with a 95 % upper bound of 4.1 °C.

Taking both the upper limit of the 4 — 5 C warming range and a lower limit for the forcing change, deducting Kohler's 1.9 W / m2 upper limit of uncertainty from the 9.5 W / m2 change in forcing, implies an upper bound for the ECS estimate of 2.44 C.

This assumption adds 0.1 to 0.2 m to the estimated upper bound for sea level rise depending on the scenario (Table 10.7).

For the upper - bound effects on maternal employment, we estimated what the increase in maternal employment for children with children under age 6 required to reach the higher level of overall maternal employment for mothers with children ages 6 through 17 (with none younger than 6 years old).