Despite research establishing the effectiveness of instruction designed to enhance comprehension, typical classrooms across the primary and
upper elementary grades do not devote adequate time and attention to comprehension instruction.
Nor can
our upper elementary grades do well on NAEP test items in reading when their language arts curriculum has eliminated the great children's literature that got them to read — especially boys.»
This feature is important because most teachers of
the upper elementary grades do not have a strong background in history or teaching history (Conklin, 2008).
Not exact matches
That little amount of food wouldn't
do for a kid in
upper elementary grades.
In addition, the early middle school
grades typically provide less independence to students than
do the
upper levels of
elementary schools.
Even though the
elementary school is
doing well academically, low test scores by students at the
upper school have hurt the school's
grade, Mulgrew noted.
When students
do not learn to read by third
grade or develop reading difficulties after third
grade, as is disproportionately the case for students living in poverty (Kieffer, 2010), it is critically important that an emphasis on learning to read remain an instructional priority in
upper -
elementary classrooms as well as in middle and high schools.
The dysfunctional nature of how urban schools teach students to relate to authority begins in kindergarten and continues through the primary
grades.With young children, authoritarian, directive teaching that relies on simplistic external rewards still works to control students.But as children mature and grow in size they become more aware that the school's coercive measures are not really hurtful (as compared to what they deal with outside of school) and the directive, behavior modification methods practiced in primary
grades lose their power to control.Indeed, school authority becomes counterproductive.From
upper elementary grades upward students know very well that it is beyond the power of school authorities to inflict any real hurt.External controls
do not teach students to want to learn; they teach the reverse.The net effect of this situation is that urban schools teach poverty students that relating to authority is a kind of game.And the deepest, most pervasive learnings that result from this game are that school authority is toothless and out of touch with their lives.What school authority represents to urban youth is «what they think they need to
do to keep their school running.»
In urban schools learning is offered in disconnected jolts.The work of the day is unconnected with the work of preceding days or subsequent ones.Life in urban schools is comprised of specific periods and discrete days each of which is forced to stand entirely on its own.If homework is not
done, or books not taken home (behaviors which are universal for males and almost so for females by the completion of the
upper elementary grades), everything students are taught must be compressed into isolated periods of «stand alone» days.Teachers and principals, as well as students, survive one day at a time.
She pointed out that K - 2 primary schools don't administer the ISTEP + test but are assigned the same letter
grade as the
upper elementary to which they are attached.