Sentences with phrase «upper estimate for»

Not exact matches

For the household sector as a whole, this upper - bound estimate of the effect is relatively modest.

For a number of outcomes (induction of labour, augmentation, opiate analgesia, caesarean birth), the point estimate was less than 1 and the upper limit of the 95 % confidence interval just exceeded 1.

For each year from 1906 to 2012, the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation estimates natural upper Colorado River flow based on data recorded from streamgages at Lees Ferry.

The team's simulations estimate this slowdown effect results in a practical upper limit of 1 megawatt per square kilometer that can be generated — far less than previous estimates not accounting for the effect.

Estimates produced for this analysis show that all three packages could be immediately scaled up to nearly all people in need with an investment of $ 6.2 billion in low - income countries, $ 12.4 billion in lower middle - income countries, and $ 8 billion in upper middle - income countries.

Future emissions estimated based on OECD projections for economic growth and steady progress towards the upper (65 %) or lower (60 %) end of China's carbon intensity target for 2030.

Maximum likelihood estimates for the TMRCA of each clade (x axis with the unit of kya), providing upper boundaries for population split times, were obtained using r8s.

These results typically provide a somewhat smaller upper limit for the total aerosol forcing than the estimates given in Chapter 2, which are derived from forward calculations and range between — 2.2 and — 0.5 W m — 2 (5 to 95 % range, median — 1.3 W m — 2).

For dose - response analysis, we used the method proposed by Greenland and Longnecker [13] to estimate study - specific slopes from the correlated natural logarithm of the RR across categories of coffee consumption, assigning to each class the dose corresponding to the midpoint of upper and lower boundaries.

The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), for example, estimates that full implementation of the TFA can reduce trade costs by up to 14.1 percent for low income countries, 15.1 percent for lower middle income countries, and 12.9 percent for upper middle income countries.

[xiii] Importantly, we find the same basic relationships for both introductory classes and upper - division / intermediate classes, though the latter relationships are estimated less precisely due to smaller sample sizes.

Below, we translate the measured impacts of the Chicago CPC program into estimates of how public investment in a universal, high - quality, prekindergarten program would affect future government finances, the economy, earnings, and crime and health, using the attenuations described above for children from middle - and upper - income families, and for children who in its absence would have attended some other preschool.

I prefer to use it as a rough estimate of the likely upper end of valuations for my basket of stocks.

It becomes clear from the preceding table that two categories account for the majority (80 %) of the difference between the upper and lower estimates of the final distribution:

With 15.2 M shares on issue, and assuming SOAP spends the full $ 5.5 M reserve for liquidation costs, SOAP looks likely to yield $ 0.75 per share, the upper end of management's estimated range and a 15 % return from here.

The upper - end estimate of 287,000 dogs entering the United States annually (including companion animals in addition to those intended for resale) represents less than four - tenths of one percent of the U.S. dog population.

For all analyses, we report median mortality estimates and lower and upper estimates bracketing the central 95 % of values.

It fetched $ 4.4 million, an auction high for the artist (the upper estimate was $ 700,000).

Even on the upper end of the Chinese Contemporary market there was real strength with the often maligned Yue Minjun still pulling in not only strong prices but also sales like Archeology which sold for just about three times the high estimate.

Jen Hua, Sotheby's Beijing - based specialist bidding on behalf of the Long Museum, also won Neo Rauch's large painting «Gut Gut» for 869,000 pounds, above the upper estimate.

My own work gives TCR estimates towards the upper end of that range, still far below the average for CMIP5 models.

Extrapolating based on date from 1980 to the present yields and estimate around the 2040 for zero September ice volume while using an apparent steeper trend since 2000 yields an estimate around 2015 for the lower curve in fig. 1 or around 2020 using the upper curve as a guide.

But what are the upper estimates of individual experts for this 95th percentile?

Other ways that the standard or «consensus» calculations bias the climate sensitivity upward also exist and are also not negligible (or at least there is no scientific case that they are negligible), but for now it is sufficient to think about, and try to estimate, the magnitude of the increase in H2O and latent heat flow from surface to upper troposphere.

Would it be possible to do a similar estimate for an upper bound of ETS?

This may seem a silly question, but what are the upper limit estimates for sea level rise by (say) 2030 / 2050?

For example, if this contribution were to grow linearly with global average temperature change, the upper ranges of sea level rise for SRES scenarios shown in Table SPM - 3 would increase by 0.1 m to 0.2 m. Larger values can not be excluded, but understanding of these effects is too limited to assess their likelihood or provide a best estimate or an upper bound for sea level riFor example, if this contribution were to grow linearly with global average temperature change, the upper ranges of sea level rise for SRES scenarios shown in Table SPM - 3 would increase by 0.1 m to 0.2 m. Larger values can not be excluded, but understanding of these effects is too limited to assess their likelihood or provide a best estimate or an upper bound for sea level rifor SRES scenarios shown in Table SPM - 3 would increase by 0.1 m to 0.2 m. Larger values can not be excluded, but understanding of these effects is too limited to assess their likelihood or provide a best estimate or an upper bound for sea level rifor sea level rise.

As a rough estimate, I suggest that for a 6.4 ºC warming scenario, of the order of 20 15 cm would have to be added to the 59 cm defining the upper end of the sea level range.

I tend to believe that including the recent years will, indeed, lower the best estimate of climate sensitivity and, hopefully, allow for a more reliable upper limit.

Reports estimate that the average German household currently pays $ 180 ($ 242) per year to subsidize renewable energy, highlighting that no upper limit on Germany's subsidies for renewables has been set.

The Curry et al. paper examined the posteriors separately for the surface temperature data, the ocean data, and the upper air data and never estimated a posterior using all three diagnostics.

Using the business - as - usual scenario for GHG radiative forcing (RCP8.5) and their novel estimate of Earth's warm - phase climate sensitivity the authors find that the resulting warming during the 21st century overlaps with the upper range of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) climate simulations.

However, that dataset is compatible, when using the surface, upper air and deep - ocean data in combination, with a central estimate for climate sensitivity close to S = 3, in line with the Forest 2006 results.

The best estimate for climate sensitivity is 3 °C, the lower bound is 2 °C and the upper bound is 4.5 °C.

However, taking account of sampling uncertainty (as most more recent detection and attribution studies do, including those shown in Figure 9.9) makes relatively little difference to estimates of attributable warming rates, particularly those due to greenhouse gases; the largest differences occur in estimates of upper bounds for small signals, such as the response to solar forcing (Allen and Stott, 2003; Stott et al., 2003a).

I have concentrated on the Bayesian inference involved in such studies, since they seem to me in many cases to use inappropriate prior distributions that heavily fatten the upper tail of the estimated PDF for S. I may write a future post concerning that issue, but in this post I want to deal with more basic statistical issues arising in what is, probably, the most important of the Bayesian studies whose PDFs for climate sensitivity were featured in AR4.

The evolution of the global weather for the period 1901 — 2010 is represented by a ten - member ensemble of 3 - hourly estimates for ocean, surface and upper - air parameters.

(The equilibrium referred to is that of the ocean — it doesn't include very slow changes in polar ice sheets, etc.) Obviously, the upper tail of the estimated distribution for S is important, not just its central value.

The IPCC estimates a likely upper bound for sea level rise, for instance, at about a meter, but under much stronger warming scenarios.

Lyman and colleagues combined different ocean monitoring groups» data sets, taking into account different sources of bias and uncertainty — due to researchers using different instruments, the lack of instrument coverage in the ocean, and different ways of analyzing data used among research groups — and put forth a warming rate estimate for the upper ocean that it is more useful in climate models.

Considering the different density of air, would you be so kind an calculate (a rough estimate is ok) how much cooler the upper part would have to be to compensate for say a 1 °C warming of the surface?

Choosing lower and upper limits that encompass the range of these results and deflating significance levels in order to account for structural uncertainty in the estimate leads to the conclusion that it is very unlikely that TCR is less than 1 °C and very unlikely that TCR is greater than 3.5 °C.

Note that since TCR scales linearly with the errors in the estimated scaling factors, estimates do not show a tendency for a long upper tail, as is the case for ECS.

First, although the temperature scenarios of IPCC project a maximum warming of 6.4 ºC (Table SPM3), the upper limit of sea level rise has been computed for a warming of only 5.2 ºC — which reduced the estimate by about 15 cm.

In the future, high - end estimates of ice discharge and regional effects, such as local thermal expansion and coastal subsidence, place the upper limits of relative sea - level rise for the Netherlands at 0.65 to 1.3 m by 2100, excluding gravitational effects.

A SUFFICIENT condition for a correct answer then is that the estimated CDF asymptotes towards the true unknown CDF in the lower and upper tails.

The model predictions run for 40 years, they estimate about 1.2 C of warming in the upper trop.

New estimates of ocean heat content show a growing large discrepancy between ocean heat content integrated for the upper 300 vs 700 vs total depth.

For the two upper values, the cost of air capture would be comparable to the estimated cost of stabilizing atmospheric carbon dioxide at 450 ppm or 550 ppm given by Nick Stern in 2007 and by the IPCC in its last report.

OHC: • Different global estimates of sub-surface ocean temperatures have variations at different times and for different periods, suggesting that sub-decadal variability in the temperature and upper heat content (0 to to 700 m) is still poorly characterized in the historical record.