Sentences with phrase «upper layer»

This material creates a poor bonding layer between your Textured Basecoats, allowing you to remove the upper layer of Textured Basecoat in decorative patches, exposing the first or background color layer.

A recent US Patent and Trademark Office filing by Motorola proposes a rather ingenious solution to the display shattering problem: instead of glass or PET plastics, the upper layer of the display assembly will be made with shape memory polymers.

Buterin went on to describe the two «layers» of a blockchain: a bottom layer that consists of a consensus algorithm and an upper layer that includes things like smart contracts, gadgets and channels, like Lightning Network.

An overall SB from the surface to that now - warmer upper layer will get exactly the same answer as a layer - by - layer integration.

Phytoplankton in the ocean's upper layer (that is, the populations observed from space) rely on vertical nutrient transport to sustain productivity, so intensified stratification during a rising MEI period (Fig. 2b) is accompanied closely by decreasing NPP (Fig. 2b)(r2 5 0.73, P, 0.005)

Note that adding 0.06323 prcm water vapour to the upper layer, a 90 % increase of that layer, causes only a 0.0029 increase in OD, but adding the same water volume to the surface layer, a 4.35 % increase, causes a 0.0285 increase in OD.

The graph shows adding water vapour to the upper layer reduces OLR by 41 times more than the same change in the surface layer.

Increasing levels of greenhouse gases should warm the Earth's surface and the lower atmosphere, and cool the upper layer.

The second graph of the PDF shows a change of water vapour in the surface layer has a much larger effect on St (the part of the surface flux transmitted directly to space) than the same change in an upper layer.

The warm upper layer gradually leaks heat into the cold abyss.

Adding water vapour to the surface layer increases Eu, but adding the same amount of water vapour to the upper layer decreases Eu.

For the PDO it is better to see it as deep upwelling cold water spreading westwards through the upper layer, cooling it relative to the deeper layer.

Also, as I have already asked, how could heating at deeper layers occur without being seen in this upper layer?

Some skeptics argue that for upper layer warming to cause deep layer warming, intermediate layer warming must occur first.

But the ocean can absorb energy much more efficiently because the light penetrates the upper layer.

On the contrary, whatever warm, hypersaline water sinks below the surface because of its great density is mixed relatively quickly by winds into the upper layer of the ocean, where it transfers its heat to colder parcels by conduction.

That's how heat is transferred to the lower levels without there being any increase in the heat content of the upper layer, and without this contradicting in the least the fact that the heat source is from above.

Not so if the temporary slowdown in the warming of the upper layer is a result of more upwelling of colder water from below as a consequence of ENSO / PDO variability (mainly: more La Ninas).

Pierre - Normand: Not so if the temporary slowdown in the warming of the upper layer is a result of more upwelling of colder water from below as a consequence of ENSO / PDO variability (mainly: more La Ninas).

Then the lower temperature of the upper layer is the very reason why the TOA imbalance remains large and why the rate of increase of OHC also remains large as a direct result of that.

You do nt need much heat loss from the ocean upper layer to heat the air quite a lot.

It's more or less constant or the thermocline between the deep ocean and the upper layer would be moving up or down.

Oceanic cycles and SST are based on well known layered temperature cycles between warm and cool occurrences (warm means the upper layer is fairly still and is warm, cool means the upper layer has been mixed with the cooler layer below and is choppy).

Referring -LCB- T0, P0 -RCB- to the upper layer of the air that radiates toward the cosmos -LCB- T0, P0 -RCB- is -LCB- 255 K, 0.53 atm -RCB- on Earth and is -LCB- 230 K, 0.1 atm -RCB- on Venus.

It emphasises that there is a strong internal relationship between the formation, stability and extent of sea ‐ ice and the structure of the upper layer of the Arctic ocean: it is the relative area and depth of low - salinity arctic water above the halocline that are paramount to ice formation and its summer survival.

* the water vapour content of upper layer of the air (in blue figure 6 - D) will change by about 12 % / K near the tropopause and is reduced by the enhanced cooling of the 250 mbar layer; hence the water vapour radiation will the be from a «lower and warmer» level, with a very significant spectral leverage of a factor of ten (400 cm - 1 for the water vapour w.r.t to 40 cm - 1 for the CO2).

It is not «conduction» but exchange of radiation; if you keep your hands parallel at a distance of some cm the right hand does not (radiatively) «warm» the left hand or vice versa albeit at 33 °C skin temperature they exchange some hundreds of W / m ² (about 500 W / m ²) The solar radiation reaching the surface (for 71 % of the surface, the oceans) is lost by evaporation (or evapotranspiration of the vegetation), plus some convection (20 W / ²) and some radiation reaching the cosmos directly through the window 8µm to 12 µm (about 20 W / m ² «global» average); only the radiative heat flow surface to air (absorbed by the air) is negligible (plus or minus); the non radiative (latent heat, sensible heat) are transferred for surface to air and compensate for a part of the heat lost to the cosmos by the upper layer of the water vapour displayed on figure 6 - C.

The fully adhered membrane over the top surface of the upper layer of plywood directly under the roof shingles is for water control.

Lithosphere - The upper layer of the solid Earth, both continental and oceanic, which comprises all crustal rocks and the cold, mainly elastic part of the uppermost mantle.

Develop and validate retrieval algorithms for ocean and sea ice parameters from various satellite Earth observation data, which in are used in studies of upper layer mesoscale ocean processes, air - sea - ice interaction, climate change studies and in operational oceanography.

Now that the sun has gone quiet (declining solar input) and a grand minimum is predicted, we can expect to see OHC decline over the next few decades starting in the upper layer.

As shown before, there's many occasions when the upper layer cools and the lower layers warm.

This flow exerts a shearing stress on the ocean surface, which results in the deflection of the upper layer of water above the thermocline to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere.

That will decrease the temperature diffrerential between the top and intermediate ocean layers, which will decrease the rate of heat transfer from the upper to the intermediate layers, causing the upper layer to continue to warm.

This isotherm is chosen because it lies within the center of the main thermocline and is often used as an indicator of the upper layer flow in the western tropical Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico waters.

I am also in agreement about ocean warming (upper layer) during the last warm thrust 74 - 98 and that it is possible that it extended past that time.

The close relationship that exists between the dynamic height and the mass field of the ocean allows these two parameters to be used within a two - layer reduced gravity ocean model to monitor the upper layer thickness (Goni et al., 1996), which is defined in this study to go from the sea surface to the depth of the 20 °C isotherm.

And even more clearly if you look at the entire upper layer down to 2000m.

The Coriolis force in balance with this horizontal pressure gradient force gives rise to a dynamically induced geostrophic current, which occurs throughout the upper layer of warm water.

The bottom - up effort, he says, builds on key results from an Office of Naval Research project that uncovered important clues about interactions between the lowest levels of a storm and the upper layer of the ocean underneath it.

This treats the atmosphere as two layers; in the lower layer, convection is the main heat transport, while in the upper layer, it is radiation.

And while temperature should decrease the total amount of carbon in the upper layer of the oceans, we see an increase in carbon (and a decrease in 13C / 12C ratio)- Ice cores, tree carbon and coralline sponges all give small 13C / 12C variations over the Holocene, but all show a steady and ever faster decline since about 1850.

In reality, a 100 % increase in the atmosphere is followed by only a 10 % increase of CO2 (in mass) in the upper layer of the oceans, because of chemical equilibrium reactions which happens in the oceans.

The rate of OHC uptake and solar are in the same order of magnitude, with an inertial lag, the deeper oceans would continue warming slowly while the upper layer flattens.

There is 1.85 2.18 times as much water in the deeper layer (700m — 2,000 m) as the upper layer (0 — 700m).

Mostly that heat has gone into the upper layer to date; mostly to a depth of 700 meters although increasingly it is being measured below that.

The model shows how heat can be transported from the upper layer to a depth of 1 to 2 kilometers, in particular in parts of the North Atlantic Ocean, notably to the south of Greenland.

How can the deeper water be warming if the upper layer isn't?

We have that upper layer and then lots of smaller puffy clouds below it.

Warming is widespread over the upper layer of the ocean (500 meters or so), and this may change normal ocean circulation patterns, with unforeseen consequences.