Surface temperatures have paused,
upper ocean layer temperatures have not: true but I and Andy are talking about surface temperatures.
Not exact matches
From 1966 to 2003 the modeled mean world
ocean temperature in the upper 700 m increased 0.097 Â °C and by 0.137 Â °C according to observations (Levitus et al., 2005); the modeled mean temperature adjusted for sea ice in the corresponding layer of the Arctic Ocean increased 0.203
ocean temperature in the
upper 700 m increased 0.097 Â °C and by 0.137 Â °C according to observations (Levitus et al., 2005); the modeled mean
temperature adjusted for sea ice in the corresponding
layer of the Arctic
Ocean increased 0.203
Ocean increased 0.203 Â °C.
Figure 3 - Schematic showing the
upper ocean temperature profiles during the (A) nighttime or well mixed daytime and (B) daytime during conditions conducive to the formation of a diurnal warm
layer.
From 1966 to 2003 the modeled mean world
ocean temperature in the upper 700 m increased 0.097 Â °C and by 0.137 Â °C according to observations (Levitus et al., 2005); the modeled mean temperature adjusted for sea ice in the corresponding layer of the Arctic Ocean increased 0.203
ocean temperature in the
upper 700 m increased 0.097 Â °C and by 0.137 Â °C according to observations (Levitus et al., 2005); the modeled mean
temperature adjusted for sea ice in the corresponding
layer of the Arctic
Ocean increased 0.203
Ocean increased 0.203 Â °C.
Thus, if the absorption of the infrared emission from atmospheric greenhouse gases reduces the gradient through the skin
layer, the flow of heat from the
ocean beneath will be reduced, leaving more of the heat introduced into the bulk of the
upper oceanic
layer by the absorption of sunlight to remain there to increase water
temperature.
In time, as the
temperature rises, even the
oceans may become net emitters as the warmer
upper layers lose their capacity to hold the carbon dioxide which they have already absorbed.
Yes, the first reaction is the direct effect of
temperature on the
upper ocean layer and vegetation growth.
To conduct the research, a team of scientists led by John Fasullo of the US National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colorado, combined data from three sources: NASA's GRACE satellites, which make detailed measurements of Earth's gravitational field, enabling scientists to monitor changes in the mass of continents; the Argo global array of 3,000 free - drifting floats, which measure the
temperature and salinity of the
upper layers of the
oceans; and satellite - based altimeters that are continuously calibrated against a network of tide gauges.
«Storms like Harvey are helped by one of the consequences of climate change: As the air warms, some of that heat is absorbed by the
ocean, which in turn raises the
temperature of the sea's
upper layers.
And while
temperature should decrease the total amount of carbon in the
upper layer of the
oceans, we see an increase in carbon (and a decrease in 13C / 12C ratio)- Ice cores, tree carbon and coralline sponges all give small 13C / 12C variations over the Holocene, but all show a steady and ever faster decline since about 1850.
But average
temperature of the
upper 700 m
layer of
oceans only increased by 0.1 °C in the last 57 years (10.5 × 10 ²² Joules of heat does exactly that to 2.5 × 10 ²⁰ kg water).
That will decrease the
temperature diffrerential between the top and intermediate
ocean layers, which will decrease the rate of heat transfer from the
upper to the intermediate
layers, causing the
upper layer to continue to warm.
One effect among many is to reduce the
temperature gradient within the skin
layer of the
ocean and hence reduce the rate of cooling of the
upper mixed
layer (the first few meters of which are warmed by the Sun) to the atmosphere and also, radiatively, through the atmospheric infrared window, directly to space.
It is not «conduction» but exchange of radiation; if you keep your hands parallel at a distance of some cm the right hand does not (radiatively) «warm» the left hand or vice versa albeit at 33 °C skin
temperature they exchange some hundreds of W / m ² (about 500 W / m ²) The solar radiation reaching the surface (for 71 % of the surface, the
oceans) is lost by evaporation (or evapotranspiration of the vegetation), plus some convection (20 W / ²) and some radiation reaching the cosmos directly through the window 8µm to 12 µm (about 20 W / m ² «global» average); only the radiative heat flow surface to air (absorbed by the air) is negligible (plus or minus); the non radiative (latent heat, sensible heat) are transferred for surface to air and compensate for a part of the heat lost to the cosmos by the
upper layer of the water vapour displayed on figure 6 - C.
When the MJO inhibits convection, light winds and clear skies allow the
upper few meters of the
ocean to warm and separate into stable
layers stratified by
temperature and salinity.
Incidently, this will also increase the cost of global warming — as the surface
layer will have a reduced capacity for absorbing oxygen due to its increased
temperature, and less of this oxygen which is absorbed into the
upper layers will reach lower
ocean layers due to reduced mixing.
The heat content of the
upper layers of the world's
oceans is the most comprehensive measure of changes in the
temperature of the planet.
So what Curry and Gavin and me all said right away was that once the more concentrated heat (higher
temperature) in the
upper 10 % of the
ocean diffuses down into the bulk of the
ocean (causing a much smaller
temperature rise) there is no way it can ever become concentrated in the surface
layer again.