Sentences with phrase «upper ocean surface»

The typical concentration of methane in the upper ocean surface is about 3 nM.

Not exact matches

Let's say your wind speed is strong, and the wind direction is opposite between the upper levels and the [ocean's] surface — then you get a strong shearing environment.

Scientists also claim that the impact of the asteroid would have filled Earth's atmosphere with sulphur trioxide, subsequently creating a gas cloud that would have caused a mass amount of sulphuric acid rain to fall in just a few days, making the surface of the ocean too acidic for upper ocean creatures to live.

Linsley said the new results were «exciting,» suggesting that the «poorly understood, rapid rise» in surface temperature from 1910 to 1940 was, in part, «related to changes in trade wind strength and heat release from the upper water column» of the Pacific Ocean.

«The mounting evidence is coalescing around the idea that decades of stronger trade winds coincide with decades of stalls or even slight cooling of global surface temperatures, as heat is apparently transferred from the atmosphere into the upper ocean,» Linsley said.

The upper part of the modern Arctic Ocean is flushed by North Atlantic currents while the Arctic's deep basins are flushed by salty currents formed during sea ice formation at the surface.

However, radiation changes at the top of the atmosphere from the 1980s to 1990s, possibly related in part to the El Niño - Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon, appear to be associated with reductions in tropical upper - level cloud cover, and are linked to changes in the energy budget at the surface and changes in observed ocean heat content.

If we think of hurricanes as Stirling heat engines, then we realize that the two reservoirs are the mixed layer of the surface ocean (1) and the upper atmosphere (2); note that there is a general trend of stratospheric cooling as well.

Scientists think this reversal in strength was driven by changes in sea surface temperature and upper - ocean ventilation.

They found increases in sea surface temperature and upper ocean heat content made the ocean more conducive to tropical cyclone intensification, while enhanced convective instability made the atmosphere more favorable for the growth of these storms.

The oceans are heating up: Not only was Earth's temperature record warm in 2014, but so were the global oceans, as sea surface temperatures and the heat of the upper oceans also hit record highs.

Trending increases in certain environmental conditions that brew up these storms: increased sea surface and upper ocean temperatures and atmospheric instability.

A team of scientists led by researchers at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory modified the current formula to calculate Potential Intensity by including the effects of upper - ocean mixing, sea - surface cooling, and salinity during a cyclone.

Study of upper ocean dynamics and air - sea interaction; investigation of the ocean's role in climate; sustained climate - quality observations in and at the surface of the ocean; innovative ocean observations.

It is the temperature difference between the ocean surface and that of the upper level outflow that is crucial.

This recent slower warming in the upper ocean is closely related to the slower warming of the global surface temperature, because the temperature of the overlaying atmosphere is strongly coupled to the temperature of the ocean surface.

C is the more immediately accessible heat capacity of the near - surface climate system, including (largely made from) some upper portion of the ocean

«The rapid warming of the Atlantic Ocean created high pressure zones in the upper atmosphere over that basin and low pressure zones close to the surface of the ocean,» said Prof Axel Timmermann, co-lead and corresponding author from the University of HaOcean created high pressure zones in the upper atmosphere over that basin and low pressure zones close to the surface of the ocean,» said Prof Axel Timmermann, co-lead and corresponding author from the University of Haocean,» said Prof Axel Timmermann, co-lead and corresponding author from the University of Hawaii.

Given that the other important variables (sea surface temps, depth of the warm layer, and atmospheric moisture) are all predicted to increase, it seems hard to make the claim that tropical cyclones will be unchanged, just as it seemed unwise to claim that Lyman et al's «Recent cooling of the upper oceans» meant that climate models had fatal flaws.

The upper atmosphere has a small heat capacity and reaches equilibrium temperature in considerably under a year; this feeds back on the forcing of the trosphere + surface, which are generally convectively coupled with the ocean (strongly with the upper ocean) and take a number of years to reach equilibrium.

One thing I would have liked to see in the paper is a quantitative side - by - side comparison of sea - surface temperatures and upper ocean heat content; all the paper says is that only «a small amount of cooling is observed at the surface, although much less than the cooling at depth» though they do report that it is consistent with 2 - yr cooling SST trend — but again, no actual data analysis of the SST trend is reported.

Many of the surface currents of the world oceans (i.e., the ocean «gyres» which appear as rotating horizontal current systems in the upper ocean) are driven by the wind, however, the sinking in the Arctic is related to the buoyancy forcing (effects that change either the temperature or salinity of the water, and hence its buoyancy).

The changes include changes in wind patterns — so those are going to change how, where, and when and how much changes about how the upper ocean waves mix surface water.

What keeps the hurricane going is the cold upper atmosphere and the warm sea surface (and a warm mixed layer of the upper ocean will sustain the hurricane)-- just like a Carnot heat engine.

Forest et al. 2006 compares observations of multiple surface, upper air and deep - ocean temperature changes with simulations thereof by the MIT 2D climate model run at many climate parameter settings.

The Curry et al. paper examined the posteriors separately for the surface temperature data, the ocean data, and the upper air data and never estimated a posterior using all three diagnostics.

Alternatively, the deep - ocean model data that was used in Forest 2006 may differ from that used in SFZ 2008, which matches the deep - ocean data used in the CSF 2005 study, provided at an earlier date than was the SFZ 2008 surface and upper air data.

If you can point me to a source of complete annual data for surface, upper air and deep ocean temperatures from the HadCM2 and / or GFDL (R30b?)

Just as it is officially predicted that CO2 - driven warming will be greatest in the upper air, which will in turn warm the surface, so it is predicted that the near - surface air will warm the ocean surface, which will warm the deeps.

b) when used with the HadCM2 - derived surface control data covariance matrix from the SFZ 2008 data, which I have largely been able to agree to raw data from the HadCM2 AOGCM control run (which data Dr Forest has confirmed was used for the Forest 2006 main results), the CSF 2005 surface model and observational data produces, irrespective of which upper air and deep - ocean dataset is used, a strongly peaked PDF for climate sensitivity, centred close to S = 1, not S = 3 as per Forest 2006.

However, that dataset is compatible, when using the surface, upper air and deep - ocean data in combination, with a central estimate for climate sensitivity close to S = 3, in line with the Forest 2006 results.

The code currently starts from the annual - mean data for the surface, upper - air, and deep - ocean temperatures that were extracted from the MIT IGSM model output files.

(1) forcing of the upper ocean physical condition through the input of solar radiation, including light, heat, and indirectly momentum at the ocean surface;

If the ocean was same temperature surface to sea bed it would be impossible to raise temperature of the lower part from above without raising the temperature of the upper part, but it ain't, so it is.

«The turbulent mixing in thin ocean surface boundary layers (OSBL), which occupy the upper 100 m or so of the ocean, control the exchange of heat and trace gases between the atmosphere and ocean.»

Forest 2006, along with several other climate sensitivity studies, used simulations by the MIT 2D model of zonal surface and upper - air temperatures and global deep - ocean temperature, the upper - air data being least influential.

Note that effect this does not depend on the parameters of the distribution so that the theoretical distribution of the calculated pp values for all three cases (surface, upper - air, and deep - ocean) would be exactly the same.

There are three likelihood functions involved, one for each of the three «diagnostics» — surface, upper - air, and deep - ocean, which involve respectively 20, 218 and 1 observation (s).

The evolution of the global weather for the period 1901 — 2010 is represented by a ten - member ensemble of 3 - hourly estimates for ocean, surface and upper - air parameters.

Argument 3) Heating the surface affects the entire upper layers of the ocean when the ocean is overturning.

It turns out that about two thirds remains in the upper ocean between the surface and a depth of 700 metres, while the remaining one third of that heat energy goes deeper into the ocean — between 700 and 2000 metres.»

(See Hansen et al, 2005: where the increase in ocean heat content per square meter of surface, in the upper 750m, according to typical models, is around 6.0 Watt · year / m2 per year, which converts to 0.7 × 10 ^ 22 Joules per year for the entire ocean as explained at Bob Tisdale's site.

Further analysis reveals that overlying surface evaporation and atmospheric convection are modulated as a result of these forced changes to the temperature of the upper coastal Atlantic Ocean.

The surface warming is modest in summer because energy is used to melt remaining sea ice and warm the upper ocean.

Figure 1: Global temperatures from models are calculated using air temperatures above the land surface and also from the upper few meters of the ocean.

«This study examines variability in zonal mean surface - observed upper - level (combined midlevel and high - level) and low - level cloud cover over land during 1971 — 1996 and over ocean during 1952 — 1997.

Fresh surface meltwater makes the upper layers of the Southern Ocean lighter.

It is notable that this feedback is arguably the most difficult to control due to the period of several decades that would be required to restore the upper oceans» natural temperature by an Albedo Restoration program lowering the surface air temperature.

The process of evaporation also requires energy from heat, and the warmer the temperatures are in the upper ocean and at the ocean surface, the more energy is available.

The evidence from the OHC is pretty good confirmation that it was positive, but even there, unless we know what the entire ocean is doing and not just the upper part, the surface could theoretically be gaining heat from the ocean while losing heat to the atmosphere.