It is being transferred downward, but is capable of influencing
upper ocean temperature in a warming direction for observations over a sufficient interval — which is to say multiple decades.
Tourre, Y. M., Y. Kushnir, and W. B. White, 1999: Evolution of interdecadal variability in sea level pressure, sea surface temperature, and
upper ocean temperature over the Pacific Ocean.
Unfortunately we do not have any reliable and comprehensive measurements
of upper ocean temperature and heat content prior to 2003, when ARGO measurements replaced the old expendable and spotty XBT data.
With an evident relationship across the CMIP5 models between equatorial SSTs and
upper ocean temperatures in the extra-tropical subduction regions, our analysis suggests that cold SST biases within the extra-tropical Pacific indeed translate into a cold equatorial bias via the STCs.
Trending increases in certain environmental conditions that brew up these storms: increased sea surface and
upper ocean temperatures and atmospheric instability.
Sea level along the U.S. East Coast and West Coast can rise and fall by an inch or two (several centimeters) over the course of a decade or two because of fluctuations in
upper ocean temperatures.
Figure 3 - Schematic showing
the upper ocean temperature profiles during the (A) nighttime or well mixed daytime and (B) daytime during conditions conducive to the formation of a diurnal warm layer.
Any field - or ship - based updates on ice conditions in the different regions such as sea ice morphology (e.g., concentration, ice type, floe size, thickness, snow cover, melt pond characteristics, topography), meteorology (surface measurements) and oceanography (e.g., temperature, salinity,
upper ocean temperature).
Craig King - Further to Bob Loblaw's comments; that global surface air temperatures are warming faster than
upper ocean temperatures is well - observed and completely uncontroversial.
When we add the graphs showing sea level rise, loss of glaciers, mass loss from Greenland and Antarctica, and
upper ocean temperature, we have multiple trend lines all pointing in one direction: A warming world.