Sentences with phrase «uptake by»

We may report qualitative data from included studies to better understand the delivery of interventions, uptake by participants, and context.

About Blog Methods.blog is the official blog of Methods in Ecology and Evolution, a journal promoting the development of new methods in ecology and evolution, and facilitating their dissemination and uptake by the research community.

The higher Android cost & infighting would have destroyed androids's growth and uptake by other OEMs at a time when WinPhoneOS seemed to be rising and had already snagged the still - then biggest mobile device maker, Nokia [http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/1924314].

Figure 1: The black line represents the annual rate of anthropogenic carbon uptake by the ocean (left axis), with shaded area indicating the error envelope.

The time - lag between changes in temperature and consequent changes in CO2 concentration are caused by outgassing of CO2 from the oceans when they warm and uptake by the oceans as they cool.

Reich.Eschhaus says: ``... and why Dana is wrong that El Nino / La Nina influence relative energy uptake by the oceans and the atmosphere?»

Developed by Jain and his graduate students, the model includes complex physical and chemical interactions among carbon - dioxide emissions, climate change, and carbon - dioxide uptake by oceans and terrestrial ecosystems.

If there was increased upwelling from the oceans, that need to be compensated by increased downwelling at the other side of the ocean, or increased uptake by vegetation.

C13 / 14 uptake by plants produced some confusion afterwards, but this was cleared soon after, 1999?

The case for the strength of the AMOC playing an important role in setting the rate of heat uptake by the oceans and the degree of disequilibrium in global mean surface temperature is made in particular by Winton et al 2014 and Kostov et al 2013, who describe two rather different perspectives on why you should expect a relationship between these two quantities.

The maximum then declines due to uptake by the growing plants.

However the great uncertainties that affect the simulated trend (e.g., climate sensitivity, rate of heat uptake by the deep - ocean, and aerosol forcing strength) make this a highly dubious statement.

(This is setting aside oxidation of organic C that has settled to the seafloor; there is a significant amount (about 50 times the marine biota) but the flux is very slow — the total C added to the sea floor each year is about 0.2 Gt, which is a tiny fraction of the 50 Gt cycled through marine biota; even if that were all organic C (I think it is actually mostly inorganic), the rate of oxydation of organic C in the ocean would still have to be almost equal to the rate of organic C production, which is the approximation I used before in calculating the rate of O2 uptake by that process.

Along with my last comment: The results of Balmaseda (2013) doi: 10.1002 / grl.50382 showing increased heat uptake by deeper layers, coupled with the fact that thermal expansion coefficient of sea water decreases with depth e.g.

If you have good measurements of upper ocean and atmospheric temperatures, then if you had a good decade - long satellite record of the Earth's total radiative energy balance from space — say, if Triana has been launched to in the late 1990s — then you could use conservation of energy to calculate the rate of heat uptake by the deep ocean over the past ten years.

As this is the result of cummulative emissions (including effects of CO2 uptake by the ocean, etc.), and the emission rate has been increasing, such a ratio might be considered a low - ball estimate of what might be considered a «standard» forcing / combustion ratio.

Without uptake by other C reservoirs, doubling atmospheric CO2 via combustion of fossil fuels (in the proportions considered earlier) would directly produce 27.5 ZJ (873 TW * yr, or 8.73 TW for 100 years) of (primary) energy (based on the ratio found earlier — it can vary).

(As this is the result of cummulative emissions (including effects of CO2 uptake by the ocean, etc.), and the emission rate has been increasing, such a ratio might be considered a low - ball estimate of what might be considered a «standard» forcing / combustion ratio.)

The melting water actually results in an increase in heat uptake by the planet, with the increase going directly into the ocean, exacerbating the feedback.

Table 1 of the IPCC TAR WG1 report says that the CO2 lifetime in the atmosphere before being removed is somewhere between 5 and 200 years with the footnote: «No single lifetime can be defined for CO2 because of the different rates of uptake by different removal processes.»

Caps will error because (1) they won't cover some major emitters for decades, (2) they won't cover land - use changes, (3) the best scientific estimate of climate sensitivity is uncertain by hundreds of billions of tonnes, (4) the earth's CO2 uptake by 2 ° target date is highly uncertain.

Rather, it is likely that surface warming gradually stabilizes ocean stratification, thus reducing deep - water production at high latitudes, which acts to weaken advective heat uptake by meridional overturning circulation [cf. Meehl et al., 2011; 2013].»

The effects of eutrophication on carbonate chemistry can exceed that of OA from anthropogenic CO2 by either increasing pH, when enhanced CO2 uptake by primary producers prevails (Borges and Gypens 2010), or by decreasing pH, where enhanced respiratory CO2 release prevails (Cai et al. 2011), a condition often associated with coastal hypoxia (Feely et al. 2010).

This allows us to find out something interesting about the natural carbon cycle: The mass balance equation can be rearranged to give an estimate of the difference between annual emissions from all natural sources and annual natural uptake by all natural sinks.

The biggest flows out of the atmosphere are photosynthesis on land and CO2 uptake by cold ocean water.

Shifts in the structure of ocean ecosystems can influence the rate of CO2 uptake by the ocean (Bopp et al., 2005).

It is well established that the level of atmospheric CO2, which directly influences the Earth's temperature, depends critically on the rates of carbon uptake by the ocean and the land, which are also dependent on climate.

The carbon uptake by the ocean and land is another proof that they are not acting as long - term sources.

· Changes in circulation and vertical mixing will influence nutrient availability and primary productivity, affecting the efficiency of carbon dioxide uptake by the oceans.

The primary tools currently used at GFDL to understand and project future carbon uptake by the ocean and land are coupled carbon - climate Earth System Models, ESM2M and ESM2G.

Actual carbon uptake by global forests has fluctuated significantly in recent decades, between zero and 6 gigatons per year.

Will a complex of feedbacks lead to a jump in erosion rates, leading to much larger nutrient levels in freshwater and some areas of the ocean, to the point of releasing more CO2 and CH4 while blocking CO2 uptake by the ocean?

These parameters regulate processes such as plant carbon uptake by photosynthesis and how precipitation is separated into evapotranspiration to the atmosphere and river runoff.

Around 88 thousand million tonnes of carbon is released from the surface of the world's oceans each year, with an annual uptake by the oceans of 90 thousand million tonnes.

Therefore, we estimate the heat uptake by the upper 2,000 m of the global ocean to be 0.72 + - 0.1 W m ^ 2.

The sizes of the colour bands indicate the carbon uptake by the respective reservoir.

Uptake by land and ocean is constrained by the known O2: CO2 stoichiometric ratio of these processes, defining the slopes of the respective arrows.

December 7, 1978 W.M. Cooper sends a memo to Edward David Jr. detailing the Exxon programs developed to measure CO2 uptake by the various levels of the ocean through equipment on tankers and drilling infrastructure.

Even if you assume a low value for the variables of SO2 cooling and the rate of heat uptake by the deep ocean.

Complete restoration of deforested areas is unrealistic, yet 100 GtC carbon drawdown is conceivable because: (1) the human - enhanced atmospheric CO2 level increases carbon uptake by some vegetation and soils, (2) improved agricultural practices can convert agriculture from a CO2 ource into a CO2 sink [174], (3) biomass - burning power plants with CO2 capture and storage can contribute to CO2 drawdown.

Climate science has been thrown into disarray by the hiatus, disagreement between climate model and instrumental estimates of climate sensitivity, uncertainties in carbon uptake by plants, and diverging interpretations of ocean heating (in the face of a dearth of observations).

When the turnover slows down, the usual heat uptake by the ocean resumes, which is only a bit less.

And Nic and Lewis just said: «Heat uptake by other components of the climate system is ignored»

If fact it's probably a better idea to think of La Nina simply being more efficient heat uptake by the ocean, and El Nino being less efficient heat uptake, with a consequence of less or more heat being available to transfer to the atmosphere, than to think of El Nino as warming and La Nina as cooling.

As a result, the new model found that the increase in carbon uptake by more vegetation will be overshadowed by a much larger amount of carbon released into the atmosphere.

Since the opposite is true the explanation that this is primarily due to uptake by plants with the lowest level of CO2 corresponding to the end of the growing season is likely the most reasonable explanation for the cyclic variation in CO2 concentration.

The resulting compost is a valuable resource which is ideally suited for uptake by plants, and goes from a composition of roughly 70 % water down to 10 %.

It is from the seasonal uptake by plants due to the seasonal effect of the larger temperate zone of the northern hemisphere landmass Look at the CO2 curve on the Mauna LOa Observatory site and you will see this is at the minimum at the end of the growing season when the maximim uptake from plants has occurred and it is highest at the end of the winter when this uptake is at its lowest

-- any extra CO2 above the old time equilibrium will cause an extra uptake by plants and oceans.

But will the increasing CO2 uptake by the ocean and warmer oceans also bring risks for all life on Earth?»