Insulin assists with cellular
uptake of glucose from the bloodstream into the cells of the body for energy.
Insulin inside the cells trigger
the uptake of glucose from the blood serum, providing energy for the cells and lowering blood sugar.
Insulin is the opposite of glucagon and its role is to facilitate
the uptake of glucose from the bloodstream into the cells.
Not exact matches
New research
from the University
of Copenhagen's Department
of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports reports that the enzyme AMP - activated protein kinase (AMPK) plays a crucial role in enhancing the ability
of insulin to stimulate
glucose uptake in muscles.
In this schematic
of the new «liver on a chip» device, adding blood - sugar - raising glucagon to inlet 1 and blood - sugar - lowering insulin to inlet 2 distributes the hormones across the field
of hepatocytes (purple box) along opposing gradients, altering the cells» metabolism
from glucose release on the left side to
glucose uptake on the right.
To find out, the scientists next took muscle cells derived
from rodents, reduced the expression
of STARS and found that
glucose uptake climbed in the cells.
They then examined the effect
of a chemical that inhibits SRF and found that
glucose uptake rates increased in both mice and human cells — and that the effects were greater in cells
from patients who were insulin resistant or had type 2 diabetes.
Our findings
of decreased GYS2, ELOVL6, and FADS1 expression in adipose tissue
from patients with diabetes could potentially explain the reduced
glucose uptake and impaired ability to store lipids in the adipose tissue
of these individuals.
In accordance with other studies, we found an increased
glucose uptake under acute insulin stimulation in cultures established
from control subjects precultured under basal physiological insulin concentrations, but when precultured at a higher insulin concentration, we could not see an effect on acute insulin stimulation indicative
of induced insulin resistance (10).
Besides bringing
glucose into all cells in the body, insulin also helps in the
uptake of amino acids into muscle tissue, which in turn initiates protein synthesis, and prevents amino acids
from being oxidized as a reserve fuel source.
Conversely, within non-diabetic populations, periods
of IER (75 - 85 % ER on restricted days) do not typically affect fasting
glucose levels 37, 41, 45, 48 or HbA1c 41, 48; results
of which can often be replicated by short term CER studies.62 - 65These findings are unsurprising given that frank hyperglycaemia within the T2DM diagnostic range is effectively a late - stage manifestation
of IR, which along with compensatory increases insulin secretion, can precede the onset
of T2DM by many years.66, 67 Findings
from one large scale prospective cohort study, Whitehall II, reveal a sharp increase in the trajectory towards fasting hyperglycaemia which is only detectable three years prior to diagnosis with T2DM.67 Consequently, it can be argued that changes in circulating insulin concentrations, fasting (hepatic) insulin sensitivity and
glucose uptake / clearance are more sensitive markers
of deteriorating
glucose control than fasting glycaemia in non - diabetics.68 - 70
The reason why this test is so valuable for measuring insulin sensitivity is because it measures the ability
of your muscle and liver to
uptake glucose from your blood when challenged by a food or drink containing
glucose.
Working
from memory, while insulin is necessary to draw the GLUT4
glucose transporter to the cell membrane and thus enhance
uptake of glucose in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, this is not true in the brain and several other tissues.
That doesn't happen, though, unless insulin is released
from the pancreas, binds to the muscle and signals it to increase the
uptake of glucose.
Among other things, cortisol inhibits the
uptake of amino acids into the muscle cells, and also inhibits insulin
from shuttling
glucose into cells by decreasing the translocation
of glucose transporters to the cell surface.
It helps regulate
glucose by increase
uptake, helps clean triglycerides
from the blood stream, protects the lining
of your blood vessels, helps with insulin sensitivity, control
of energy metabolism, plus more.
In other words, this hormone promotes
glucose uptake by the tissues
from the blood, glycogen formation, and protein synthesis in the presence
of sufficient amino acids (by decreasing catabolism).
Muscles
from ob / ob mice, which showed little response to insulin, showed a substantial increase (approximately 300 %, p < 0.05 - 0.01) in
glucose uptake when 10 -LRB--3) m alpha - lipoic acid was added in the presence
of insulin.
Therefore, it is not surprising to find that the muscle hypertrophy resulting
from strength training was associated with the increases in whole - body insulin sensitivity we observed, because skeletal muscle constitutes the target tissue where most
of the insulin - stimulated
glucose uptake takes place [34].
A high flux
of fructose to the liver, the main organ capable
of metabolizing this simple carbohydrate, perturbs
glucose metabolism and
glucose uptake pathways, and leads to a significantly enhanced rate
of de novo lipogenesis and triglyceride (TG) synthesis, driven by the high flux
of glycerol and acyl portions
of TG molecules
from fructose catabolism.
ACT - activated clotting time (bleeding disorders) ACTH - adrenocorticotropic hormone (adrenal gland function) Ag - antigen test for proteins specific to a disease causing organism or virus Alb - albumin (liver, kidney and intestinal disorders) Alk - Phos, ALP alkaline phosphatase (liver and adrenal disorders) Allergy Testing intradermal or blood antibody test for allergen hypersensitivity ALT - alanine aminotransferase (liver disorder) Amyl - amylase enzyme — non specific (pancreatitis) ANA - antinuclear antibody (systemic lupus erythematosus) Anaplasmosis Anaplasma spp. (tick - borne rickettsial disease) APTT - activated partial thromboplastin time (blood clotting ability) AST - aspartate aminotransferase (muscle and liver disorders) Band band cell — type
of white blood cell Baso basophil — type
of white blood cell Bile Acids digestive acids produced in the liver and stored in the gall bladder (liver function) Bili bilirubin (bile pigment responsible for jaundice
from liver disease or RBC destruction) BP - blood pressure measurement BUN - blood urea nitrogen (kidney and liver function) Bx biopsy C & S aerobic / anaerobic bacterial culture and antibiotic sensitivity test (infection, drug selection) Ca +2 calcium ion — unbound calcium (parathyroid gland function) CBC - complete blood count (all circulating cells) Chol cholesterol (liver, thyroid disorders) CK, CPK creatine [phospho] kinase (muscle disease, heart disease) Cl - chloride ion — unbound chloride (hydration, blood pH) CO2 - carbon dioxide (blood pH) Contrast Radiograph x-ray image using injected radiopaque contrast media Cortisol hormone produced by the adrenal glands (adrenal gland function) Coomb's anti- red blood cell antibody test (immune - mediated hemolytic anemia) Crea creatinine (kidney function) CRT - capillary refill time (blood pressure, tissue perfusion) DTM - dermatophyte test medium (ringworm — dermatophytosis) EEG - electroencephalogram (brain function, epilepsy) Ehrlichia Ehrlichia spp. (tick - borne rickettsial disease) EKG, ECG - electrok [c] ardiogram (electrical heart activity, heart arryhthmia) Eos eosinophil — type
of white blood cell Fecal, flotation, direct intestinal parasite exam FeLV Feline Leukemia Virus test FIA Feline Infectious Anemia: aka Feline Hemotrophic Mycoplasma, Haemobartonella felis test FIV Feline Immunodeficiency Virus test Fluorescein Stain fluorescein stain
uptake of cornea (corneal ulceration) fT4, fT4ed, freeT4ed thyroxine hormone unbound by protein measured by equilibrium dialysis (thyroid function) GGT gamma - glutamyltranferase (liver disorders) Glob globulin (liver, immune system) Glu blood or urine
glucose (diabetes mellitus) Gran granulocytes — subgroup
of white blood cells Hb, Hgb hemoglobin — iron rich protein bound to red blood cells that carries oxygen (anemia, red cell mass) HCO3 - bicarbonate ion (blood pH) HCT, PCV, MHCT hematocrit, packed - cell volume, microhematocrit (hemoconcentration, dehydration, anemia) K + potassium ion — unbound potassium (kidney disorders, adrenal gland disorders) Lipa lipase enzyme — non specific (pancreatitis) LYME Borrelia spp. (tick - borne rickettsial disease) Lymph lymphocyte — type
of white blood cell MCHC mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (anemia, iron deficiency) MCV mean corpuscular volume — average red cell size (anemia, iron deficiency) Mg +2 magnesium ion — unbound magnesium (diabetes, parathyroid function, malnutrition) MHCT, HCT, PCV microhematocrit, hematocrit, packed - cell volume (hemoconcentration, dehydration, anemia) MIC minimum inhibitory concentration — part
of the C&S that determines antimicrobial selection Mono monocyte — type
of white blood cell MRI magnetic resonance imaging (advanced tissue imaging) Na + sodium ion — unbound sodium (dehydration, adrenal gland disease) nRBC nucleated red blood cell — immature red blood cell (bone marrow damage, lead toxicity) PCV, HCT, MHCT packed - cell volume, hematocrit, microhematocrit (hemoconcentration, dehydration, anemia) PE physical examination pH urine pH (urinary tract infection, urolithiasis) Phos phosphorus (kidney disorders, ketoacidosis, parathyroid function) PLI pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (pancreatitis) PLT platelet — cells involved in clotting (bleeding disorders) PT prothrombin time (bleeding disorders) PTH parathyroid hormone, parathormone (parathyroid function) Radiograph x-ray image RBC red blood cell count (anemia) REL Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever / Ehrlichia / Lyme combination test Retic reticulocyte — immature red blood cell (regenerative vs. non-regenerative anemia) RMSF Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever SAP serum alkaline phosphatase (liver disorders) Schirmer Tear Test tear production test (keratoconjunctivitis sicca — dry eye,) Seg segmented neutrophil — type
of white blood cell USG Urine specific gravity (urine concentration, kidney function) spec cPL specific canine pancreatic lipase (pancreatitis)-- replaces the PLI test spec fPL specific feline pancreatic lipase (pancreatitis)-- replaces the PLI test T4 thyroxine hormone — total (thyroid gland function) TLI trypsin - like immunoreactivity (exocrine pancreatic insufficiency) TP total protein (hydration, liver disorders) TPR temperature / pulse / respirations (physical exam vital signs) Trig triglycerides (fat metabolism, liver disorders) TSH thyroid stimulating hormone (thyroid gland function) UA urinalysis (kidney function, urinary tract infection, diabetes) Urine Cortisol - Crea Ratio urine cortisol - creatine ratio (screening test for adrenal gland disease) Urine Protein - Crea Ratio urine protein - creatinine ratio (kidney disorders) VWF VonWillebrands factor (bleeding disorder) WBC white blood cell count (infection, inflammation, bone marrow suppression)