It should come as no surprise that
urban districts tend to have lower graduation rates than suburban ones.
We know from other studies that larger,
urban districts tend to be less effective, particularly for lower - income students; but we do not know to what extent, or how, leadership effects might explain that pattern of outcomes.
Not exact matches
In France
urban populations, some of the rural
districts, and laborers in mines and factories
tended to drift away from the Church.
Gun rights groups claim a slim majority for their position in the Senate, given the two or three Democratic Senators representing rural
districts who often vote against gun control — although there are also Republican Senators from
urban districts who
tend to waver.
Urban school
districts tend to lose their focus, hopping from reform to reform, as new leaders with ideas of their own take the helm.
A behavioral argument could also be made: that the state's reform policies, its public shaming and sanctions for low - performing schools, would most strongly influence the behavior of
urban districts, which
tend to have a history of low performance and mismanagement.
Our papers in Educational Policy show that CBAs in larger
districts tend to regulate far more elements of
district decision - making, and CBAs in
urban areas are more restrictive with respect to what administrators can and can not do than in smaller or non-
urban areas.
During our work with
district, charter, and private schools — large, small,
urban, rural, as well as progressive and traditional — the master scheduling process
tends to be more alike than different.
Hoxby also finds that
urban areas with a large number of school
districts, and therefore many options for families choosing where to reside,
tend to have higher test scores than cities like Miami, where one school
district covers anyone living close enough to work in the city.
Since 2007, the number of
districts strongly committed to socioeconomic integration has more than doubled, from 40 to 100 nationwide.75 These
districts tend to be large and
urban, and today, roughly 4 million students reside in a school
district or charter school that considers socioeconomic status in their student assignment system — representing about 8 percent of total public school enrollment.76
In that statewide test of fourth -, seventh -, and tenth - graders, students in
urban and suburban
districts tended to score higher than those in rural
districts.
Even where
urban and high - poverty school
districts emphasize public engagement, the policies and preferences
tend to «trickle down» to schools only in the form of mandated representation on school councils — a weak strategy for distributing leadership.
Though she later told JCI she was sympathetic to the idea of the state's need to take additional measures to help teachers rated in less affluent,
urban districts such as Jersey City, which
tend to have tougher classroom environments, parent Gina Po told the round - table it really can't let them off the hook.
Rural
districts also
tended to have more staff per pupil, in general, than their
urban counterparts.
This phenomenon would be expected to act synergistically to enhance teacher quality over time, as lower rates of attrition particularly would
tend to increase the experience level and overall effectiveness of the teaching force, especially in large
urban districts, and save funds on teacher training at the same time.
This initiative is noteworthy among the nation's large
urban school
districts, where fewer dual and concurrent enrollment opportunities exist, and those
tend to be available only to select students in relatively well - off schools.