We assume that Chylek (2008) is right to find transient and equilibrium climate sensitivity near - identical; that allof the warming from 1980 - 2005 was anthropogenic; that the IPCC's values for forcings and feedbacks are correct; and, in line 2, that McKitrick is right that the insufficiently - corrected heat - island effect of rapid
urbanization since 1980 has artificially doubled the true rate of temperature increase in the major global datasets.
In addition, BEST released an absurd preliminary finding that
urbanization since 1950 had caused a spurious COOLING signal to the record, glossing over this finding by saying there was no impact:
«Corners in the Cities of China and India,» features contemporary video art from China and India that dwells on the outcome of rapid
urbanization since China's open markets of the 1980s.
Not exact matches
Harvey Cox, the theological popularizer and prophet who wrote The Secular City in 1965 in celebration of the new freedom given to us by secularization and
urbanization, has
since that time shifted his emphasis to deploring the threat of technological imperialism.61 He believes that technology and its artifacts currently «release emotions incommensurate with their mere utility,» i.e., they «arouse hopes and fears only indirectly - related to their use.»
By this time you may wonder,
since the difficulties of getting the right relationship between shepherd and sheep seem so considerable, why we do not leave the pasture and get on with our pastoral
urbanization.
They estimated that land - use changes in the continental United States
since the 1960s have resulted in a rise in the mean surface temperature of 0.25 degree Fahrenheit, a figure Kalnay says «is at least twice as high as previous estimates based on
urbanization alone.»
Since 1997, she has been directing international documentaries and transmedia projects on long - term social change with a special focus on
urbanization and technological culture.
especially
since a considerable amount of the old rural stations have now been affected by
urbanization.
Perhaps a change in instrument during the 1916 - 1984 time - period occurred that would affect this
urbanization effect; I can't imagine the same instrument has been operating
since 1916 and I would suspect the instruments have been better designed to deal with heating up from solar exposure so they would probably record cooler temperatures than the older instruments.
Since both types include a «cooling bias» adjustment, that means that only 15 % of NASA's adjustments are the expected adjustments to remove
urbanization bias.
In this essay, we summarise the main points of our three «
Urbanization bias» papers, which we have submitted for peer review at the Open Peer Review Journal.It has been known
since at least the 19th century that urban areas are warmer than rural areas.
With 12 thematic sessions, this International Conference presented the advances realized under the Istanbul Water Consensus
since its adoption during the 5th World Water Forum in 2009, and allowed participants to exchange on key issues such as water and
urbanization, cooperation and solidarity, as well as regional governance.
-- Increased
urbanization and land use changes
since WWII as a possible partial cause of warming of global surface temperature over land.
Our «
Urbanization Bias» papers show that the global temperature estimates used by the IPCC are strongly biased by urbanization, particularly since the mid-20th century (su
Urbanization Bias» papers show that the global temperature estimates used by the IPCC are strongly biased by
urbanization, particularly since the mid-20th century (su
urbanization, particularly
since the mid-20th century (summary here).
As an example of how one - sided the chapter authors could be in their reviews, let us consider the discussion of
urbanization bias,
since this is a topic which we have written a series of three papers on (summary here).
The question seems not to be whether or not
urbanization causes warming (pretty obvious, based on all the data out there) but whether or not the UHI distortion has represented a significant part of the recorded land surface warming
since the record started in 1850 and whether or not this has significantly distorted the globally averaged trend.
Also, you might not think
urbanization bias would be a major problem in the Arctic,
since most of the big cities are at lower latitudes.
«Over the next 30 years, the nation will see the most significant changes in the ocean and coastal economies
since the arrival of industrialization and
urbanization.»
Now, this is suspicious,
since Occam's Razor would tell us to assume the most obvious result, that
urbanization puts upwards bias on temperature readings, rather than on natural circulation patterns that happen to coincide with urban areas.
Since urbanization has grown dramatically over the past few centuries, it seems reasonable to ask how much of the observed rise in global temperatures is due to
urbanization.
A problem that arises in the context of attributing any effect to CO2 is that
since the end of the Little Ice Age, a natural warming has possibly increased the temperature monotonically, anthropogenic CO2 has increased monotonically, and deforestation and
urbanization have increased monotonically.
Especially
since 2002 is the warmest (at least globally with the GHCN - ERSST data) I prefer to look at 1880 -LRB--.2) to 2006 (+.3) off global mean for the period and it's clear to see the trend globally going from -.4 to +.3 The only questions then left are what is the meaning (and / or import) of the sudden changes
since 1980, what changing a total of.005 C a year during the period means, what impact does increasing
urbanization globally and additional industrialization in places like India and China contribute, why the drop from +.6 to +.3, and why not a constant increase from year to year, given the elevated CO2 levels.
«The accuracy of the data and results was confirmed in a later paper -LSB-...] much of the
urbanization trend was likely due to the rapid economic development in China
since the 1980s, after the period analysed in the 1990 paper http://www.uea.ac.uk/mac/comm/media/press/CRUstatements/guardianstatement
«For the first time
since World War II, the United States is experiencing increased levels of
urbanization,» says senior research analyst Eric Bloom.