It is important to note that the approach that we are describing here for outcome - based continuous program improvement does not strive to achieve a high level of scientific rigor that would involve
the use of comparison groups or other strategies to determine whether the mental health services and consultation «caused» specific outcomes.
Limitations include the lack of randomization of participants and the limited
use of a comparison group.
Not exact matches
Running speed was reduced for both
groups of phone users in
comparison to non-users, while subjects who
used their phones for solely music performed at a higher speed and intensity than any
of the other
groups.
Once again, we tap into Zillow
Group's wealth
of data and
use a data set that includes mortgage affordability, rental affordability, and price - to - income ratios for the five most populous US cities with
comparison to the national median.
Comparisons between intervention and control
groups were tested with the
use of ANCOVA regression models.
This analysis is facilitated by presenting
comparisons on a per - unit
of energy basis, and the
use of a common five food
group's database designed from the AHS — Australian Dietary Guidelines database.
This rate is similar to the National Birth Center Study and to the low - risk hospital births
used as a
comparison group in the same study
of 1.3 / 1,000 (0.7 / 1,000 excluding anomalies).
In
comparison, the Lincoln Park Tennis Club pays an annual rental fee
of $ 40,000 for the
use of park land for 10 clay courts, 4
of which are available for public
use, the
group said.
The relative benefits and risks
of birth in different settings have been widely debated in recent years.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A problem when trying to evaluate the effect
of birth setting on perinatal outcomes has been the
use of actual place
of birth rather than planned place
of birth to define
comparison groups.
Thus, I strongly support the critical statement «human milk is the recommended source
of nutrition for infants» in the FDA's proposed guidance, and urge a guidance revision that any breast milk
comparison claims (e.g., «closer than ever to breast milk») made by formula companies must also be substantiated by studies that
use a control
group of exclusively breast - fed infants.
The studies often
use a standard
of «intent to treat» where they even don't monitor what the
comparison group is doing.
Research demonstrates that NFP and PAT also have negative effects, such as program families having fewer appropriate play materials in the home than the
comparison group families,
using harsher discipline techniques and being less accepting
of the child's behaviour.
The efficacy
of centrally produced ready - to -
use therapeutic food (RUTF - C) or locally prepared RUTF (RUTF - L) for home - based management
of uncomplicated SAM was compared with micronutrient - enriched, energy - dense home - prepared foods (A-HPF, the
comparison group).
Clients in the home birth
group were more likely to report the
use of tobacco during pregnancy than the midwife
comparison group and were more likely to report the
use of illicit drugs during pregnancy than the physician
comparison group.
We assessed the pairwise
comparisons between the different study
groups in their rates
of breastfeeding
using modified Cox regression analysis15 to provide the adjusted relative risks and 95 % confidence intervals.
Use of reliable contraception is also lower among this
group of women when compared with a nondrug -
using comparison population (83).
Thus by interviewing addicts they were picking a
group of people who's very disposition for both addiction and violation
of the law made them likely to
use marijuana and comparing them to a
group of people who were not prone to addiction, it was not a fair
comparison.
«We can
use a
group of children who do not play video games as a control
group, in order to make a
comparison.
Using a novel gravity - underreporting model, the researchers carried out a comprehensive analysis and
comparison of over 370,000 records
of wildlife trade between 2004 and 2013 across three
groups — mammals, avian and reptiles.
A
comparison group of 210 siblings without cancer also responded to the survey and were
used as a control for the study.
The control
group used for
comparison included patients aged 15 to 35 who underwent ACL reconstruction between October 2012 and October 2014, and were cleared to return to sports by «usual clinical judgment» prior to the development
of the checklist.
Each agency has slightly different methods
of processing the data and different baseline periods they
use for
comparison, as do other
groups around the world that monitor global temperatures, leading to slightly different year - to - year numbers.
A collaborative
group including the CRI Cancer Immunotherapy Consortium (CIC), the Association for Cancer Immunotherapy (CIMT) Immunoguiding Program (CIP), and scientists at Stanford University launch the Minimal Information About T cell Assays (MIATA) Project, the first systematic effort to establish a framework for reporting immune monitoring data from T cell assays
used in clinical trials, with the goal
of fostering reliability
of data to facilitate meaningful interpretation,
comparison, and meta - analysis across clinical trials.
Comparisons of two
groups were performed
using Student's t tests (two - tailed).
For 2 -
group comparisons, a 2 × 2 Yates corrected χ2 test was
used to evaluate the statistical significance
of group differences
of percentages
of unscored applications and percentages
of funded applications.
He said, «I plan to extend these efforts by
using the network structure
of groups to investigate the costs and benefits
of group living, with a view to making broader
comparisons among non-human primate and human
groups.»
t - test was
used to compute probabilities for
comparisons of mean age and mean body mass index between study
groups.
Several studies have confirmed that a dose
of 5 grams
of creatine taken every day for 12 weeks straight, both pre and after workout has led to a drastic increase in muscle tissue in
comparison to the second
group of subjects which took creatine only in the morning and in the evening, without
using it relatively close to the time before starting training or after finishing.
After a month
of use, mothers» milk volume increased 33 percent compared to a 15 percent drop in two
comparison groups, one
of which was taking fenugreek.
Stress resistance has not been assessed however and so the biological relevance
of this finding is currently unknown.32 Several IER trials (75 - 85 % ER on restricted days) in overweight / obese populations have reported reductions in various markers
of oxidative stress 37, 41, which in one study was accompanied by a complementary increase in the anti-oxidant uric acid.37 In a direct
comparison of IER (75 % ER for two days / week) and CER, both ER strategies displayed equal efficacy in reducing levels
of fast - acting advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) after six months, which displayed a tendency to occur earlier (i.e. at three months) in the IER
group.41 Levels
of slow - acting (i.e. long term) AOPP tended to decrease in the IER
group and increase in the CER
group which the authors proposed may have resulted from IER - induced activation
of autophagy, a key homeostatic cellular process in which dysfunctional or unnecessary cellular proteins are degraded and recycled.41 On the other hand, a follow - up study
using similar IER / CER protocols demonstrated comparable reductions in AOPP in both
groups after three months.48 Summary and Future Research Directions
In the end, patients who
used orlistat lost 12.8 pounds
of weight in
comparison to 6.6 pounds
of the placebo
group participants.
Clinical Benefit
of EDTA - based Chelation Therapy and High - dose Oral Multivitamins and Multiminerals in TACT - An Expanded
Comparison of 2 Factorial
Groups (Lamas, et al.) Background: Chelation therapy, in combination with high dose oral multivitamins and multiminerals (MV), has been
used to treat atherosclerotic disease.
By
comparison, heart disease progressed in 50 percent
of the control
group that did not
use pomegranate juice.
YouTube editor Pitching Room put together this
comparison that
uses the opening monologue by Gary King (Pegg) to show how, while he may be describing an ill - fated night in 1990, he is in fact presaging what will come to pass when the
group of friends returns to its old stomping grounds.
A reanalysis
of the data
used in the UCLA report found much smaller differences between charter and traditional public schools once more appropriate
comparisons were made between the two
groups of schools.
Moreover,
using Greene's methodology
of narrowing the
comparison to the highest performing schools in the failing
group and the lowest - performing in the next
group, we still find that failing schools improved more.
Teachers who
use PBL — and who also have taken part in extended professional development — report more teaching and assessment
of 21st - century skills, compared with a closely matched
comparison group.
«
Using an Experimental Evaluation
of Charter Schools to Test Whether Nonexperimental
Comparison Group Methods Can Replicate Experimental Impact Estimates.»
In
comparison, only three per cent
of the control
group not
using the app improved by more than one year in reading age.
A 14 page PDF document
of the same images
grouped into sets
of 4 that can be
used for bingo, matching or
comparison type games.
Instead
of funding a national network
of 10 regional education labs, suppose those funds were made available on a competitive basis to individual state agencies willing to help districts track the impacts
of their own efforts, to identify matched
comparison groups for their initiatives (
using other students and schools in a state) and to generate reports on impacts.
Johanson et al. (2001)
used comparison groups of mathematics and science students to look at student attitudes towards these subject areas; Shanahan et al. (2006) compared results on state tests in mathematics
of students
of teacher leaders with average student scores at the district and state levels.
• Value - added results, which have recently been touted as a better way to
use standardized test scores, are actually no more accurate than year - to - year
comparisons of different
groups of students.
As a pre-teaching activity prior to a whole
group discussion about the British Stamp Act and a
comparison of the loyalist and patriot perspective, the teacher provides students with potential sentence frames and models
using them.
PRODUCT PERKS Explore numbers, patterns, measurement,
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This likely occurred because she did not «grow» her students as much the second year as compared to her
comparison group of peers, although any system that can be
used to rate the same teacher «effective» one year and «ineffective» the next should raise eyebrows, naturally.
Norm - referenced tests are developed by creating the test items and then administering the test to a
group of students that will be
used as the basis
of comparison.
Create a Database: A database is created and
used to make
comparisons of all results, such as scale scores, percentiles, percentages at or above achievement levels, and
comparisons between
groups and between years for a
group.
For instance, if there is a set
of classrooms that are
using some new piece
of educational software, we should be able to go out and find other classrooms that have very similar students, that have students with similar prior achievement, similar demographics and so forth, and then just track them over time and just automatically report the differences in outcomes for the students receiving the software and then the
comparison group of students that aren't.
According to the new research out
of Mathematica, a statistical research
group, the
comparisons sometimes
used to judge school performance are more indicative
of demographic change than actual learning.