Thomson's group
used blastocysts from in vitro fertilization (IVF) clinics with full donor consent.
Additionally, many researchers
use blastocysts that would have been discarded by the in vitro fertilization clinic because the embryos were damaged in some way and would never develop properly.
This was often done
using blastocysts from IVF clinics that would otherwise be discarded (often because the blastocysts were damaged and would not properly develop into a human, although IVF generates a large number of excess healthy blastocysts that go unused as well).
Not exact matches
Different grading systems are
used and they may differ from clinic to clinic, and also may differ depending on whether the embryo is in the cleavage or the
blastocyst stage.
We are striving very hard to limit the number of twins, and eliminate the occurrence of higher order multiples (see below)
using techniques such as embryo selection and
blastocyst transfers, and the introduction of «elective single embryo transfer».
Also, it is recommended to
use single embryo transfer in all situations if a top - quality
blastocyst is available.
Advanced Cell Technology, based in Santa Monica California, is developing embryonic stem cell therapies for macular degeneration and other conditions
using cells obtained non-destructively from an early embryo called a
blastocyst.
But researchers will have to figure out how to eliminate the viral DNA
used to introduce the genes, which in Yamanaka's experiments led to cancers in 20 percent of mice grown from
blastocysts.
No one has yet shown success with SCNT
using human tissue: The closest effort so far has been the cloned
blastocyst reported last year by workers at the Newcastle Fertility Centre in the U.K., but that did not yield ES cells.
Indeed, they needed to modify the previous techniques that had been
used with abnormally fertilised eggs, in order to have good survival to
blastocyst stages and to reduce carryover of mitochondria along with the pronuclei.
Removal of the nuclei in the absence of sucrose and
use of zygotes from vitrified patient rather than donor oocytes were beneficial, and led to mitochondrial carryover levels below 2 % in the majority of
blastocysts, and below 5 % in all of them.
The 1D5 clone was
used to inject
blastocysts at the Northwestern University Transgenic Core Facility.
For the analysis of gene expression in
blastocysts, total RNA was isolated and purified from three pools of 10
blastocysts produced in vivo or in vitro (KSOM supplemented with 10 % FCS or in the presence of 1 g / L BSA)
using the RNeasy Micro Kit (Qiagen)[18].
Finally, NOT embryo OR
blastocyst was
used to reduce the number of irrelevant studies.