Sentences with phrase «used by neurons»

Choline is a precursor for the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which is especially important in memory and mood, and it is also the transmitter most often used by neurons that communicate between the brain and the nerves controlling skeletal muscles, heart rate, breathing, sweating and salivation.

The study published in the Journal of Alzheimer's Disease focused on a type of brain tissue called white matter, which is composed of millions of bundles of nerve fibers used by neurons to communicate across the brain.

WHEN DISCUSSING neurotransmitters, most people think of the classical neurotransmitters, such as dopamine and serotonin — the primary chemical messengers used by neurons to communicate with one another and with other types of cells.

Modafinil also indirectly alters the action of glutamate, the main neurotransmitter used by neurons in the brain to send signals down the line.

Not exact matches

By using a method like Pick Up, Put Down neurons link together into circuits controlling learning, memory, and social behavior, according to Science News, and in turn, the method affects where neurons end up and the connections they form.

Companies trawl the web to gather billions of images and use them to train an algorithm inspired by neurons in the brain, called a deep neural network.

Scientists at Southern Methodist University, led by Professor and Chair of Biological Sciences Santosh D'Mello, have used RNA - Seq to conduct transcriptome profiling of gene expression changes in dying neurons.

USING YOUR BRAIN In «The Limits of Intelligence,» Douglas Fox points out that human intelligence is limited by communication among neurons in the brain, which is limited in turn by the size of our neurons.

Using a high - resolution analysis of how individual neurons and their connected brain networks processed this touch information, designed by neurocomputational scientist Alberto Mazzoni and physics scientist Anton Spanne, the groups got an unexpected insight into the brain representations of the external world experienced through touch.

Researchers at Geron, meanwhile, had successfully derived neurons from human embryonic stem cells and were pursuing research that would eventually look to repair the damage caused by spinal - cord injuries, a possible use for embryonic stem cells that was much touted at the time.

Next, Anderson and his colleagues used a set of genetic tools to identify exactly which neurons were responsible for the effect on aggression and to see if the gene that encodes for Tk also controls aggressive behavior by acting in that cell.

The team concludes that the neurons which would normally fill the blind spot using data from the patched eye compensated by stealing data from neighbouring neurons that were «seeing» the square, making it appear like a rectangle.

Action potentials can be created by many types of cells, but are used most extensively by the nervous system for communication between neurons and to transmit information from neurons to other body tissues such as muscles and glands.

The team identifies where neurons are firing by injecting the brain with dyes or using genetically engineered proteins that bind to calcium molecules.

Using a mouse model, the team also demonstrated that two processes during neurodevelopment are regulated by the gene: proliferation — the replication of neuronal stem cells that have the potential to become multiple different kinds of cells, including neurons — and migration — the movement of neurons to specific locations in the brain during development.

Using a new type of optical imaging, Harvard Medical School researchers observed neurons as they were stimulated by an electrode.

By using tracer chemicals in experiments with live garden warblers, the researchers followed a circuit of neurons from the cryptochrome molecules to the «cluster N» area of the brain, which is active during navigation, showing for the first time that cluster N uses information from the retina.

The complaint claims that Mallon co-owns the copyright to the Neuron submission, along with his co-authors, and that, by using the work in the PLOS Biology paper and signing a Creative Commons Attribution License, Marshall and Goebel have «destroyed the value of Dr. Mallon's copyrighted Neuron Paper.»

These results also suggest that damaged circuits can be restored only by using neurons of the same type as the damaged area.

Imaging scans show the brain shifts its activity (measured by blood flow and oxygenation, indicating which neurons are heavily used at a specific time) from the prefrontal executive control regions to subcortical reactive emotion areas.

The results obtained by Afsaneh Gaillard's team and that Pierre Vanderhaeghen at the Institute of Interdisciplinary Research in Human and Molecular Biology show, for the first time, using mice, that pluripotent stem cells differentiated into cortical neurons make it possible to reestablish damaged adult cortical circuits, both neuroanatomically and functionally.

A team headed by Hanns Ulrich Zeilhofer from the Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology at the University of Zurich did now reveal which inhibitory neurons in the spinal cord are responsible for this control function: As the study published in the science journal Neuron shows, the control cells are located in the spinal dorsal horn and use the amino acid glycine as an inhibitory messenger.

This decision appears to be generated by a very small number of excitatory neurons that use acetylcholine as their neurotransmitter located in three brain regions.

Using optogenetics, they controlled the amount of dopamine released by neurons in the nucleus accumbens.

Using tissue - like mesh electronics, by comparison, researchers may be able to read signals from specific neurons over time, potentially allowing for the development of improved brain - machine interfaces for prosthetics.

Described in the January 7th issue of Neuron, the technique uses «deep,» highly sensitive whole - genome sequencing of single neurons and a new technology that identifies inserted bits of DNA caused by retrotransposons, one of several kinds of so - called somatic mutations that can arise as the brain develops.

The researchers also found that activation of ESP1 - responding neurons in the region of the brain called the hypothalamus enhanced sexual behavior in female mice, even in the absence of actual ESP1, by using various tools to chemically or optically control neural activities, combined with a process called the TRAP method, which allows them to selectively manipulate neurons responding to a particular stimulus.

Using this method, researchers found that the information of ESP1 was routed differently in males and females by neurons in a region of the brain called the amygdala.

By means of microcultures, in which single sensory and motor neurons of Aplysia were plated together, miniature excitatory postsynaptic potentials attributable to the spontaneous release of single transmitter quanta from individual presynaptic neurons were recorded and used to analyze long - term facilitation induced by repeated applications of 5 - hydroxytryptaminBy means of microcultures, in which single sensory and motor neurons of Aplysia were plated together, miniature excitatory postsynaptic potentials attributable to the spontaneous release of single transmitter quanta from individual presynaptic neurons were recorded and used to analyze long - term facilitation induced by repeated applications of 5 - hydroxytryptaminby repeated applications of 5 - hydroxytryptamine.

Neural signals are transmitted within neurons by changing calcium concentrations, so the researchers used this technique to measure the amount of calcium contained within the Purkinje cells in real time.

In a study led by Duke Health and published in the journal Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, scientists demonstrate in rats that a short duration of the drug donepezil can reverse both structural and genetic damage that bouts of alcohol use causes in neurons, or nerve cells, in the young brain.

They plan to do this by activating the neurons in these regions using electrodes and measuring the impact on learning outcomes.

By using «artificial neurons» — essentially lines of code, software — with neural network models, they can parse out the various elements that go into recognizing a specific place or object.

Studies of individual neurons in dishes of cultured neurons and in brain slices by co-first author Robert E. Stanley, a graduate student in the lab, revealed that neurons in the mutant mice had decreased numbers of dendritic spines, an important part of the synapses that neurons use to communicate with one another.

Using cell cultures, the research team also found two ways to prevent the toxicity caused by alpha - synuclein: gene therapy that forced the neurons to make more TOM20 protein protected them from the alpha - synuclein; and a protein that was able to prevent alpha - synuclein from sticking to TOM20 prevented alpha - synuclein's harmful effects on mitochondria.

The virtual world used in the study was very similar to virtual reality environments used by humans, and neurons in a rat's brain would be very hard to distinguish from neurons in the human brain, Mehta said.

By using random series of 30 nucleotides — the building blocks of RNA and DNA — he thought he could give neurons unique barcodes, linking the barcodes across synapses, then create maps of their connections using high - throughput gene sequencing technology.

In a related study [pdf] using mice, Fornai found that lithium counteracted the damage to motor neurons brought on by the disease.

The approach used by Carleo and his collaborators takes this into account by using a layer of «hidden» neurons, which allow the computer to encode the correct quantum state in a much more compact fashion.

Thus, by monitoring the activity of motion - detecting neurons in animals and simultaneously exploring human motion perception using cunningly contrived displays such as a, b and c, scientists are starting to understand the mechanisms in your brain that are specialized for seeing motion.

To understand why only some motor neurons are vulnerable to ALS, the researchers used DNA microarray profiling to compare the activity of tens of thousands of genes in neurons that resist ALS (oculomotor neurons / eye movement and Onuf's nuclei / continence) with neurons affected by ALS (lumbar 5 spinal neurons / leg movement).

The algorithms, which tell computers how to learn from data, are used in computer models called artificial neural networks — webs of interconnected virtual neurons that transmit signals to their neighbors by switching on and off, or «firing.»

In a paper published in PLOS Computational Biology in May, computational neuroscientists in the United Kingdom and Australia found that when neural networks using an algorithm for sparse coding called Products of Experts, invented by Hinton in 2002, are exposed to the same abnormal visual data as live cats (for example, the cats and neural networks both see only striped images), their neurons develop almost exactly the same abnormalities.

The study, published Feb. 16 in PLOS Biology, made use of a mutant zebrafish strain that models human Hirschsprung disease, which is caused by loss of the gut neurons that coordinate gut contractions.

The authors used functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate connectivity in two brain networks involved in social processing: theory of mind (ToM, otherwise known as the mentalizing system, which allows an individual to infer what others are thinking, their beliefs, their intentions) and the mirror neuron system (MNS, which allows people to understand the meanings and actions of others by simulating and replicating them).

For the first time, scientists found that in spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), the affected nerve cells that control muscle movement, or motor neurons, have defects in their mitochondria, which generate energy used by the cell.

For example, it could be used to image neurons in living mice by combining the Raman scattering technique with existing methods in which tiny windows are implanted in the brains and spinal cords of laboratory animals.

«And what this paper confirms in a theoretical model is that you don't need lots of neurons to perform these searches that include switching from a local to a global search — you can approximate it by using just three neurons, as in the roundworm C. elegans.»

Just a few miles down the road, at the IBM Almaden Research Center in San Jose, a computer scientist named Dharmendra Modha recently used 16 digital Blue Gene supercomputer racks to mathematically simulate 55 million neurons connected by 442 billion synapses.

«The traditional methods used by researchers to analyze the relationship between the activities of neurons were adopted from physics,» said Carina Curto, associate professor of mathematics at Penn State, «but neuroscience data doesn't necessarily play by the same rules as data from physics, so we need new tools.