Sentences with phrase «used on a regional scale»

A state payroll tax has already been used on a regional scale to benefit the Metropolitan Transportation Authority and suburban taxpayers.

Climate models are also used on regional scales in attempts to figure out way climate models don't perform well on regional scales.

Not exact matches

To solve this problem, Pielke suggested measuring environmental variables from a regional scale up to a global scale as a more inclusive way to assess environmental risks than the top - down approach used by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

The study used IIASA's GAINS model, along with emissions reports from countries, to calculate sulfur dioxide emissions for the entire world on a detailed regional scale.

However, many practical challenges remained in the way of it becoming a successful production tool for use in our game Horizon Zero Dawn: authoring cloudscapes on a regional scale, animation and transitions, integration into our atmospheric system, further optimization to pay for these new features, and the task of creating a language and long term plan for what we want to achieve in the context of our game engine, Decima.

For the exhibition, YBCA commissions local, regional and international artists to use the literal aspects of YBCA's architectural space, built in 1993 by acclaimed architect Fumihiko Maki, as a starting point to create new large - scale works directly on the walls of both its galleries and its public spaces.

It allows excess thermal energy to be collected for later use, hours, days or many months later, at individual building, multiuser building, district, town or even regional scale depending on the specific technology.

Many studies have now been published, and many more presented at national scientific meetings, on methane emissions using techniques which capture the emissions at regional scales and do not require industry permission to sample.

The new revision 3 (Easterling et al. 1996) data represent the best available data from the United States for analyzing long - term climate trends on a regional scale and may be used for studies attempting to determine the climatic impacts of increased concentrations of greenhouse gases.

We quantify sea - level commitment in the baseline case by building on Levermann et al. (10), who used physical simulations to model the SLR within a 2,000 - y envelope as the sum of the contributions of (i) ocean thermal expansion, based on six coupled climate models; (ii) mountain glacier and ice cap melting, based on surface mass balance and simplified ice dynamic models; (iii) Greenland ice sheet decay, based on a coupled regional climate model and ice sheet dynamic model; and (iv) Antarctic ice sheet decay, based on a continental - scale model parameterizing grounding line ice flux in relation to temperature.

While regional climate downscaling yields higher spatial resolution, the downscaling is strongly dependent on the lateral boundary conditions and the methods used to constrain the regional climate model variables to the coarser spatial scale information from the parent global models.

Statistical downscaling is based on relationships linking large - scale atmospheric variables from either GCMs or RCMs (predictors) and local / regional climate variables (predictands) using observations.

As they have matured, climate models are being increasingly used to provide decision - relevant information to end users and policy makers, whose needs are helping define the focus of model development in terms of increasing prediction skill on regional and decadal time scales.

Within the confines of our work with RASM and CESM, we will: (i) quantify the added value of using regional models for downscaling arctic simulations from global models, (ii) address the impacts of high resolution, improved process representations and coupling between model components on predictions at seasonal to decadal time scales, (iii) identify the most important processes essential for inclusion in future high resolution GC / ESMs, e.g. ACME, using CESM as a test bed, and (iv) better quantify the relationship between skill and uncertainty in the Arctic Region for high fidelity models.

Methodological advances since the TAR have focused on exploring the effects of different ways of downscaling from the climate model scale to the catchment scale (e.g., Wood et al., 2004), the use of regional climate models to create scenarios or drive hydrological models (e.g., Arnell et al., 2003; Shabalova et al., 2003; Andreasson et al., 2004; Meleshko et al., 2004; Payne et al., 2004; Kay et al., 2006b; Fowler et al., 2007; Graham et al., 2007a, b; Prudhomme and Davies, 2007), ways of applying scenarios to observed climate data (Drogue et al., 2004), and the effect of hydrological model uncertainty on estimated impacts of climate change (Arnell, 2005).

NEON is designed to enable the research community to ask and address their own questions on a regional to continental scale around the environmental challenges identified as relevant to understanding the effects of climate change, land - use change and invasive species patterns on the biosphere.

However, the need to define outside influences on land use in regional - scale models, such as global trade, remains a challenge (e.g., Sands and Edmonds, 2005; Alcamo et al., 2006b), so IAMs have an important role to play in characterising the global boundary conditions for regional land - use change assessments (van Meijl et al., 2006).

I don't regard the flightpath stabilization policy strategy as being of much use, especially on time scales out to 5 hours, which is the more relevant time frame for most regional carriers.

Process - based studies have focused on understanding the role of the land surface on climate, with research looking into the regional impact of historical or hypothetical (future scenario) land - use change on climate, as well as understanding diurnal - scale relationships between surface fluxes of heat and moisture and subsequent atmospheric processes such as convection and the generation of precipitation.

The effects of land - use change on species through landscape fragmentation at the regional scale may further exacerbate impacts from climate change (Holman et al., 2005a; Del Barrio et al., 2006; Harrison et al., 2006; Rounsevell et al., 2006).

AR4 WGI discusses extreme weather mostly in the context of model «projections» (which are often contradictory on regional scale and therefore are «more likely than not» better used as toilet paper:) Despite the title of their report, WGI says little «The Physical Science Basis» of extreme weather.

We use the 250 km analysis because it is better - suited for illustrating variability on regional spatial scales.

The impact of land use change on the energy and water balance may be very significant for climate at regional scales over time periods of decades or longer.

The scales are intended to complement data about the managerial subsystem of a family and are to be used in conjunction with a regional research project focused on home - based work.