This inability has little effect on the results — statistical estimates are based on the notion of cointegration, which
uses stochastic trends as fingerprints to match temporal changes in temperature and radiative forcing.
Not exact matches
The methodology developed in Lovejoy's two recent papers could also be
used by researchers to help analyze precipitation
trends and regional climate variability and to develop new
stochastic methods of climate forecasting, he adds.
For simplicity, you can
use price action and the
Stochastic Oscillator to judge the market
trend.
You are referring to a
trend over half a century but we are talking about tests
using stationary
stochastic simulations.
«The seasonal unit root test makes it possible to determine the
stochastic trend of monthly temperatures
using an autoregressive model,» says Prof. Wai Ming To.
With the above in mind, I will proceed to show you what you have actually simulated
using my simple 4 parameter (i.e. ARIMA (3,1,0)-RRB-
stochastic trend estimate.
The ambiguity on the unit root question in paper discussed, stems from the
use of the PP test, which I believe my simulations disqualifies it in light of my
stochastic trend specification (see previous comment).