The researchers discovered T - type channels in the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, can shift from
using calcium ions to using sodium ions to generate the electrical signal because of an outer shield of amino acids called a turret situated above the channel's entrance.
The researchers discovered T - type channels in the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, can shift from
using calcium ions to using sodium ions to generate the electrical signal.
Last year, researchers
used calcium ions to record the neurons firing in a zebrafish embryo.
Not exact matches
This allowed them to track changes in
calcium ion concentrations in the cells around wounds in living tissue (as opposed to the cell cultures
used in many previous wound response studies) and to do so with an unprecedented, millisecond precision.
For example, he's
used it along with a
calcium - tracking dye in cardiac muscle cells from a rat, to image the sparks and waves of
calcium ions that can trigger deadly arrhythmias during heart failure.
When elevating
calcium ion concentration directly at the presynaptic terminal with the
use of caged
calcium, cleavage of SNAP - 25 by botulinum toxin A (BoNT / A) produced a strong reduction in the
calcium sensitivity for release, whereas cleavage of syntaxin
using BoNT / C1 and synaptobrevin
using tetanus toxin (TeNT) produced an all - or - nothing block without changing the kinetics of remaining vesicles.
To better understand these processes, in which
calcium ions interact with biological molecules such as proteins, researchers often
use computer simulations.
The journal cover shows a
calcium ion coordinating to aspartate, a model for proteins in aqueous solution
used by the authors to demonstrate features of the software.
They
used Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress) plants that produce a special protein which breaks down after the binding of
calcium ions and emits free energy in the form of light.
Using near - infrared light, researchers have shown they can selectively activate an immune response by controlling the flow of
calcium ions into the cell.
The nerve cell's activity was measured via concentration of
calcium ion in the cell, and the team analyzed the changes in
calcium concentration
using a mathematical model.
Using a device engineered by Nan Marie Jokerst, Ph.D., a professor of electrical and computer engineering at Duke's Pratt School of Engineering, the researchers showed that UVB caused
calcium to flow into the skin cells, but only when the TRPV4
ion channel was present.
These, such as verapamil, diltiazem, nifedipine, nitrendipine and nimodipine are not only widely
used to treat hypertension, and hence might affect cognition by increasing cerebral blood flow, but also block the entry of
calcium ions into neurons.
Corals
use the carbonate
ions in water to build their skeletons from
calcium carbonate.
Researchers have
used this strategy to probe how cells react to the sudden release of signalling molecules, such as the neurotransmitter glutamate and
calcium ions.
The other water sources
used to replenish the groundwater basin didn't draw in arsenic because they already contained abundant
calcium and magnesium
ions.
Using flourescence imaging, the scientists tested
calcium response (an important nervous system
ion implicated in the symptoms of bipolar disorder) in olfactory nerve cell samples from 17 bipolar patients (10 currently taking medication, 7 medication - free) with those of matched controls.
Acidification increases the corrosiveness of the water and is also driving a decline in the amount of carbonate
ion, needed to make aragonite and calcite, two forms of
calcium carbonate that many marine organisms
use to build their shells and skeletons.
For instance, the
calcium hydride molecular
ion (made of one
calcium ion and one hydrogen
ion bonded together)
used by NIST in their experiments has 100 possible rotational states.
In a sequence of experiments carried out between 14th July 2003 and 10th August 2003 by the scientists from the ORNL, JINR, and LLNL at the JINR in Moscow, americium - 243 atoms were bombarded with
calcium - 48
ions using a cyclotron [4].
EDTA (ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid)[113] is a poly amine carboxylic acid, originally developed for industrial
uses to keep metal
ions such as
calcium or magnesium from interfering with chemical processes.
Cells
use calcium to activate certain enzymes, transport
ions across the cellular membrane, and send and receive neurotransmitters during communication with other cells.
ACT - activated clotting time (bleeding disorders) ACTH - adrenocorticotropic hormone (adrenal gland function) Ag - antigen test for proteins specific to a disease causing organism or virus Alb - albumin (liver, kidney and intestinal disorders) Alk - Phos, ALP alkaline phosphatase (liver and adrenal disorders) Allergy Testing intradermal or blood antibody test for allergen hypersensitivity ALT - alanine aminotransferase (liver disorder) Amyl - amylase enzyme — non specific (pancreatitis) ANA - antinuclear antibody (systemic lupus erythematosus) Anaplasmosis Anaplasma spp. (tick - borne rickettsial disease) APTT - activated partial thromboplastin time (blood clotting ability) AST - aspartate aminotransferase (muscle and liver disorders) Band band cell — type of white blood cell Baso basophil — type of white blood cell Bile Acids digestive acids produced in the liver and stored in the gall bladder (liver function) Bili bilirubin (bile pigment responsible for jaundice from liver disease or RBC destruction) BP - blood pressure measurement BUN - blood urea nitrogen (kidney and liver function) Bx biopsy C & S aerobic / anaerobic bacterial culture and antibiotic sensitivity test (infection, drug selection) Ca +2
calcium ion — unbound
calcium (parathyroid gland function) CBC - complete blood count (all circulating cells) Chol cholesterol (liver, thyroid disorders) CK, CPK creatine [phospho] kinase (muscle disease, heart disease) Cl - chloride
ion — unbound chloride (hydration, blood pH) CO2 - carbon dioxide (blood pH) Contrast Radiograph x-ray image
using injected radiopaque contrast media Cortisol hormone produced by the adrenal glands (adrenal gland function) Coomb's anti- red blood cell antibody test (immune - mediated hemolytic anemia) Crea creatinine (kidney function) CRT - capillary refill time (blood pressure, tissue perfusion) DTM - dermatophyte test medium (ringworm — dermatophytosis) EEG - electroencephalogram (brain function, epilepsy) Ehrlichia Ehrlichia spp. (tick - borne rickettsial disease) EKG, ECG - electrok [c] ardiogram (electrical heart activity, heart arryhthmia) Eos eosinophil — type of white blood cell Fecal, flotation, direct intestinal parasite exam FeLV Feline Leukemia Virus test FIA Feline Infectious Anemia: aka Feline Hemotrophic Mycoplasma, Haemobartonella felis test FIV Feline Immunodeficiency Virus test Fluorescein Stain fluorescein stain uptake of cornea (corneal ulceration) fT4, fT4ed, freeT4ed thyroxine hormone unbound by protein measured by equilibrium dialysis (thyroid function) GGT gamma - glutamyltranferase (liver disorders) Glob globulin (liver, immune system) Glu blood or urine glucose (diabetes mellitus) Gran granulocytes — subgroup of white blood cells Hb, Hgb hemoglobin — iron rich protein bound to red blood cells that carries oxygen (anemia, red cell mass) HCO3 - bicarbonate
ion (blood pH) HCT, PCV, MHCT hematocrit, packed - cell volume, microhematocrit (hemoconcentration, dehydration, anemia) K + potassium
ion — unbound potassium (kidney disorders, adrenal gland disorders) Lipa lipase enzyme — non specific (pancreatitis) LYME Borrelia spp. (tick - borne rickettsial disease) Lymph lymphocyte — type of white blood cell MCHC mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (anemia, iron deficiency) MCV mean corpuscular volume — average red cell size (anemia, iron deficiency) Mg +2 magnesium
ion — unbound magnesium (diabetes, parathyroid function, malnutrition) MHCT, HCT, PCV microhematocrit, hematocrit, packed - cell volume (hemoconcentration, dehydration, anemia) MIC minimum inhibitory concentration — part of the C&S that determines antimicrobial selection Mono monocyte — type of white blood cell MRI magnetic resonance imaging (advanced tissue imaging) Na + sodium
ion — unbound sodium (dehydration, adrenal gland disease) nRBC nucleated red blood cell — immature red blood cell (bone marrow damage, lead toxicity) PCV, HCT, MHCT packed - cell volume, hematocrit, microhematocrit (hemoconcentration, dehydration, anemia) PE physical examination pH urine pH (urinary tract infection, urolithiasis) Phos phosphorus (kidney disorders, ketoacidosis, parathyroid function) PLI pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (pancreatitis) PLT platelet — cells involved in clotting (bleeding disorders) PT prothrombin time (bleeding disorders) PTH parathyroid hormone, parathormone (parathyroid function) Radiograph x-ray image RBC red blood cell count (anemia) REL Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever / Ehrlichia / Lyme combination test Retic reticulocyte — immature red blood cell (regenerative vs. non-regenerative anemia) RMSF Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever SAP serum alkaline phosphatase (liver disorders) Schirmer Tear Test tear production test (keratoconjunctivitis sicca — dry eye,) Seg segmented neutrophil — type of white blood cell USG Urine specific gravity (urine concentration, kidney function) spec cPL specific canine pancreatic lipase (pancreatitis)-- replaces the PLI test spec fPL specific feline pancreatic lipase (pancreatitis)-- replaces the PLI test T4 thyroxine hormone — total (thyroid gland function) TLI trypsin - like immunoreactivity (exocrine pancreatic insufficiency) TP total protein (hydration, liver disorders) TPR temperature / pulse / respirations (physical exam vital signs) Trig triglycerides (fat metabolism, liver disorders) TSH thyroid stimulating hormone (thyroid gland function) UA urinalysis (kidney function, urinary tract infection, diabetes) Urine Cortisol - Crea Ratio urine cortisol - creatine ratio (screening test for adrenal gland disease) Urine Protein - Crea Ratio urine protein - creatinine ratio (kidney disorders) VWF VonWillebrands factor (bleeding disorder) WBC white blood cell count (infection, inflammation, bone marrow suppression)
This second reaction is important because reduced seawater carbonate
ion concentrations decrease the saturation levels of
calcium carbonate (CaCO3), a hard mineral
used by many marine microbes, plants and animals to form shells and skeletons.