With all the promotion of NG, we're only now beginning to hear about the dark downside of hydraulic fracturing or «fracking» —
using millions of gallons of water mixed with undisclosed chemicals and sand to release natural gas.
Sacramento recently passed a pretty extensive Sustainability Master Plan, and many locals are wondering how allowing a bottled water company to come in and
use millions of gallons of water for bottled water fits into that plan.
The process can
use millions of gallons of water per extraction well and is known to leak chemicals into surrounding aquifers.
Not exact matches
Among the items on display are a restored 115 - ton Corliss steam engine that was once
used to pump 8
million gallons of water a day, a 13 - ton, 20 - foot - tall Nasmyth steam hammer, and the Scalamandre «White House» loom that made fabric for every White House presidency from Hoover to Clinton.
For instance, the Brentwood, Maryland, company recycled only a fraction
of the
millions of gallons of water it
uses.
Oscar Mayer has long been the largest customer
of the Madison
Water Utility, typically using 400 million to 450 million gallons of water a year and providing the water utility with more than $ 1 million a year in revenue, or 2.8 percent of its total annual revenue, spokeswoman Amy Barrilleaux
Water Utility, typically
using 400
million to 450
million gallons of water a year and providing the water utility with more than $ 1 million a year in revenue, or 2.8 percent of its total annual revenue, spokeswoman Amy Barrilleaux
water a year and providing the
water utility with more than $ 1 million a year in revenue, or 2.8 percent of its total annual revenue, spokeswoman Amy Barrilleaux
water utility with more than $ 1
million a year in revenue, or 2.8 percent
of its total annual revenue, spokeswoman Amy Barrilleaux said.
In the last year, we reduced our
water use by literally
millions of gallons in our Florida facility alone.»
Considering the fact that dairy farms
use approximately 3.4
million gallons of water every single day, this is an industry that needs to be completely transformed.
The city's
water system has a stated capacity
of 8
million gallons a day, but is currently
using only about 3.5
million.
The researchers estimate that a fully populated 20 x 20 foot mussel raft similar to the one
used in this study would clean an average
of three
million gallons of water and remove about 350 pounds
of particulate matter, like dust and soot, daily.
The report added that «a biorefinery that produces 100
million gallons of ethanol per year, for example, would
use the equivalent
of the
water supply for a town
of about 5,000 people.»
South Bend, Ind., avoided $ 120
million in upgrades and conserved
millions of gallons of water by becoming one
of the first cities on the globe to
use cloud computing to manage its
water systems.
One new feature, for example, is a 2.8 -
million - liter (750,000 -
gallon)
water tank on top
of the containment vessel surrounding the core that would
use gravity in the case
of emergency to send
water flowing over the core, cooling it to prevent a meltdown.
The gas is extracted
using a method called hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, a technique that involves pumping
millions of gallons of water laced with chemicals deep underground to blast open the shale and release the gas trapped inside.
Instead
of pumping
millions of gallons of water and fracturing fluid into the earth, the company GasFrac
used a liquefied petroleum gas gel — propane gas compressed into a thick fluid — to break up the rock.
Perhaps most surprisingly, the researchers discovered that at least 2,350 wells less than one mile deep had been fracked
using more than 1
million gallons of water each.
For example, Arkansas had more than 300 wells fracked shallower than 3,000 feet,
using an average
of 5
million gallons of water and chemicals.
More than two
million gallons of water and three
million pounds
of sand are
used per well, according to North Dakota Department
of Mineral Resources.
Originally the mighty aqueduct was part
of a 30 - mile waterway,
used to transport 4.4
million gallons of water from the River Eure to Nîmes every day.
With many more than 11 farms, and the 11th largest
using 500
million, even if the ten larger were much more efficient and only
used the 500
million number (not likely, but I do not have access to the exact amounts), then the top 11 farms would
use 5.5 billion
gallons of water annually.
And they were told by the owner that they
use over 500
MILLION GALLONS OF WATER ANNUALLY!!!!
500
million gallons per year is a tiny fraction
of Californian
water use (something like 80 billion cubic metres per year; 500
million gallons is about 2
million cubic metres).
That might sound expensive, but the average American family spends $ 300 on toilet paper every year, their portion
of the 3
million tons
of the stuff that is made every year from 54
million trees
using 473 billion
gallons of water and 17.3 terawatts
of electricity.
Apple's
water use keeps going up; «In fiscal year 2016, Apple
used 630
million gallons of water, up 10 percent from the previous year.
In addition to generating verified carbon offset credits, these practices also resulted in reduced energy consumption and the reduced
use of millions of gallons of water, a critical resource in both regions.
Pixley Biogas reclaims and processes approximately 90
million gallons of water used at the Calgren facility to produce a nutrient - rich liquid that is suitable for crop irrigation.
Requiring about 5
million gallons of fluid (mostly
water) per well, it's clear that the
water intensity
of Marcellus Shale gas is more significant than first thought and likely compels more oversight
of the oil and gas industry and its
water use.
The new facility saves 127
million gallons of water annually, or 18 percent
of the entire campus» potable
water use.
Millions of gallons of pressurized
water, sand, and chemicals are then
used to create fissures in the rock and release oil, which is pumped out.
Every
gallon of used motor oil that is improperly discarded can contaminate 1
million gallons of drinking
water, according to the EPA.
Hydrogeologist David Yoxtheimer
of Penn State's Marcellus Center for Outreach and Research gives the withdrawals more context: Of the 9.5 billion gallons of water used daily in Pennsylvania, natural gas development consumes 1.9 million gallons a day (mgd); livestock use 62 mgd; mining, 96 mgd; and industry, 770 mg
of Penn State's Marcellus Center for Outreach and Research gives the withdrawals more context:
Of the 9.5 billion gallons of water used daily in Pennsylvania, natural gas development consumes 1.9 million gallons a day (mgd); livestock use 62 mgd; mining, 96 mgd; and industry, 770 mg
Of the 9.5 billion
gallons of water used daily in Pennsylvania, natural gas development consumes 1.9 million gallons a day (mgd); livestock use 62 mgd; mining, 96 mgd; and industry, 770 mg
of water used daily in Pennsylvania, natural gas development consumes 1.9
million gallons a day (mgd); livestock
use 62 mgd; mining, 96 mgd; and industry, 770 mgd.
For example, a 525 megawatt cogeneration unit at a refinery might require 6
million gallons per day (MGD)
of water intake, while a similar 525 megawatt coal - fired boiler could
use more than 14 MGD.
On a global scale, the biofuels frenzy is diverting
millions of acres
of farmland from food crops, converting
millions of acres
of rainforest and other wildlife habitat into farmland, and employing billions
of gallons of water, to produce corn, jatropha, palm oil and other crops for
use in producing politically correct biodiesel and other biofuels.
There is no question that hydraulic fracturing
uses a lot
of water: It can take up to 7
million gallons to frack a single well, and at least 30 percent
of that
water is lost forever, after being trapped deep in the shale.
Fracking is known to
use millions of gallons of toxic and radioactive wastewater, which has polluted drinking
water.
Just consider the amount
of water used in hydraulic fracturing: roughly four
million to six
million gallons per oil or gas well.
Estimated carbon savings are calculated
using the estimated kilowatt hours («kWh»),
gallons of fuel oil,
million British thermal units («MMBtus»)
of natural gas and
gallons of water saved as appropriate, for each project.
The agency noted that 5
million gallons of water is equivalent to the
water used by approximately 50,000 people for one day.
Each time a well is fracked, between 2
million and 8
million gallons of fresh
water is
used.
Its construction would require a drilling method called Hydraulic Directional Drilling, which
uses millions of gallons of bentonite slick
water, typically laced with diesel fuel, to drill longitudinally under rivers and other structures.
We consume 70
million restaurant meals a day at almost one
million restaurants across the country, with each establishment churning out 50,000 pounds
of waste, and
using around 300,000
gallons of water every year.
The process
uses a huge amount
of water — the New York State Department
of Environmental Conservation estimates as much as 1
million gallons per well — at a time when
water is already a limiting and precious resource.
The world's largest swimming pool is located at the San Alfonso del Mar resort in Algarrobo, Chile; it's 3,274 feet long, holds 66
million gallons of water, and
uses a sophisticated computer - controlled filtration system to bring in fresh ocean
water from the Pacific and circulate it throughout the pool.