In a recent
report, the Institute of Medicine identified 5 risk factors associated with the onset of depression: having a parent or other close biological relative with a mood disorder; experiencing a severely stressful event; having low self - esteem, a sense of low self - efficacy, and a sense of helplessness or hopelessness; being female; and living in poverty.39 This national study of depressive symptoms in mothers of children in kindergarten who attended a Head Start program supports the predictive
validity of several of the risk factors
published by the Institute of Medicine and corroborates findings from several earlier studies that examine depression in mothers of young children.
Two reviewers will independently assess the suitability of the preference - based instruments for measuring outcomes in palliative care using the ISOQOL, minimum standards for patient -
reported outcome measures (conceptual and measurement model, reliability, content
validity, construct
validity, responsiveness, interpretability of scores, translation of measure, patient and investigator burden), 43 and the CREATE checklist (descriptive system, health states values, sampling, preference data collection, study sample, modelling, scoring algorithm).44 The ISOQOL minimum standards were chosen as these standards were developed from a systematic review of
published and unpublished guidance on patient -
reported outcome measures, including the COnsensus - based Standards for the selection of health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN).46 To the authors» knowledge, the CREATE checklist is the only
published guidance on what key components should be
reported in a valuation study.44 Information on how the contents of the instruments were developed, psychometric properties and valuation will be used to assess the suitability of the instruments for the palliative setting; instruments will be scored on whether the domains or dimensions were developed using input from informal caregivers of people receiving palliative care (yes / no) and whether each of the
reporting checklist items has been evaluated for this population (if yes, then a score of one will be allocated) and a total score calculated.