Climate variability associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) determines many physical coastal processes
in Europe (Hurrell et al., 2003, 2004), including
variations in the seasonality of coastal climates, winter wind speeds and patterns of
storminess and coastal flooding
in north - west Europe (Lozano et al., 2004; Stone and Orford, 2004; Yan et al., 2004).