The safe sites of A. mellifera identified in our study are similar to those on the dorsal and
ventral midline of honeybees pollinating different Pedicularis L. species (Orobanchaceae) in China [38](S6 Table), indicating the safe sites» relevance in a natural context.
Field observations of flower - visiting bees (Apis mellifera, different species of Bombus and other genera) at mainly species of Orobanchaceae and Fabaceae have demonstrated that after pollen accumulation on the bees» bodies by the pollen - sacs) and subsequent grooming, residual patches of pollen patches remain in specific areas of the bees» body, mainly on the dorsal and
ventral midline of the head, thorax and abdomen [31 — 42].
Not exact matches
Some pollen grains were also found on the legs and the
ventral side, but larger pollen accumulations were found only on the
midline of the proximal
ventral abdomen.
Our study
of annelid development reveals a population
of mesodermal cells that converge and extend along the
ventral midline and express a combination
of transcription factors, signaling molecules, and guidance factors that closely matches that
of the vertebrate chordamesoderm.
Yet, in the absence
of detailed investigations
of expression profile and developmental fate
of mesodermal
midline cells in basal ecdysozoans and deuterostome ambulacrarians, the nature
of ventral midline tissue in urbilaterians remains undecided.
Regardless
of its nature, dorsoventral axis inversion (35) would have brought the
ventral midline tissue into a dorsal position in the chordate lineage, and the appearance
of incompressible vacuoles (14) would have gradually transformed it into a stiff rod
of constant length; the amphioxus notochord could then be regarded a vestige
of a contractile - cartilaginous transition.
For the simultaneous visualization
of hemolymph flow through the heart and
ventral abdominal contractions, as well as the quantification
of hemolymph flow speeds in the lateral abdomen, mosquitoes were restrained laterally by placing pins: (1) on either side
of the cervical membrane such that they crossed dorsally and restrained the mosquito between the pins and the Sylgard; (2) through non-vascular portions
of each wing after they had been teased away from the abdominal tergum; (3) between the wings and the anterior portion
of the abdomen; (4) over the legs, entering the Sylgard posterior to the third leg pair; and (5) immediately dorsal
of the longitudinal
midline of the scutum (Figure 1B).
The prepuce in male dogs may be clamped to one side
of ventral midline with a sterile Backhaus towel clamp.
These tumors are usually found under the skin along the
ventral (lower)
midline of the abdomen and limbs.