Sentences with phrase «vertical profiles»

In the thread on Confidence in Radiative Transfer Models, we argued that line - by - line radiative transfer codes and the best band models can accurately simulate clear sky (no clouds, aerosols) infrared radiation fluxes at the surface provided that the vertical profiles of atmospheric temperature and trace gas concentrations are specified accurately.

This mission is accomplished through long - term observations and intensive field programs that measure total column ozone, ozone vertical profiles (ozonesondes and umkehrs), ground level ozone, and water vapor vertical profiles in the upper troposphere and stratosphere.

I. Are you able to compute Aa and Ed on realistic vertical profiles with a high - level accuracy?

The instrument measures naturally occurring microwave thermal emission from the edge of Earth's atmosphere to remotely sense vertical profiles of atmospheric gases, temperature, pressure and cloud ice.

Capturing vertical profiles of aerosols and black carbon over the Indian Ocean using autonomous unmanned aerial vehicles.

In vertical profiles of water from the Gulf of Maine (above), cool, dense water is on the bottom and warmer, less dense water floats on top.

«The Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) experiments measure naturally - occurring microwave thermal emission from the limb (edge) of Earth's atmosphere to remotely sense vertical profiles of atmospheric gases, temperature, pressure, and cloud ice.

The Potential Intensity (PI) of tropical cyclones (Emanuel, 2003) can be computed from observational data based primarily on vertical profiles of temperature and humidity (see Box 3.5) and on SSTs.

Recently, substantial progress has been made using satellite observations to obtain total column water vapor and some low - resolution vertical profiles from infrared and microwave sensors.

Radiosondes attached to the balloons provide vertical profiles of both the thermodynamic state of the atmosphere and wind speed and direction.

(12) for ∂ p / ∂ z you too have found it expeditious to neglect ∂ / ∂ t's, assume hydrostatic vertical profiles, and so forth.

There's no overall pressure difference from the condensation, there are different vertical profiles for the dry and the moist column.

In thermodynamic equilibrium the atmosphere is isothermal and the vertical profiles of each type of molecule have their own exponential dependencies with altitude.

Basically the entire range of vertical profiles that are convectively stable are possible final states.

For more than thirty years, NASA research - driven missions, such as the EOS, have pioneered remote sensing observations of the Earth's climate, including parameters such as solar irradiance, the Earth's radiation budget, ozone vertical profiles, and sea surface height.

For he details of vertical profiles accurate data of both temperature and salinity are perhaps more important as buoyancy differentials are sensitive to both, and determining them accurately is valuable for learning more on the oceans themselves.

The only correct way of calculation would be to compute real clear - sky transmission on real cloudless vertical profiles.

Ozone is one of the current WOUDC data classes and includes these data categories: total column ozone (two levels: daily and hourly values), lidar vertical profiles, ozonesonde vertical profiles, and Umkehr (two levels: N - value and C - Umkehr) vertical profiles.

For deep convective systems, the G - 1 measurements will focus on characterizing the environmental conditions that lead to convective initiation and the vertical profiles of environmental properties around the growing deep convection and in adjacent regions that are not initiating deep convection so that the differences in environment can be compared.

While the specific vertical profiles of these variables differ from region to region, the study showed that the moisture and vertical velocity anomalies, occurring about one hour before the triggering of convection, are better predictors of the clouds» transition to deep convection.

Radiosondes attached to the balloons provide vertical profiles of both the thermodynamic state of the atmosphere and wind speed and direction.

ICARUS is gathering data on surface radiation, heat fluxes, and vertical profiles of the basic atmospheric state (temperature, humidity, and horizontal wind), as well as turbulence, aerosol properties, and cloud properties.

To remove this difference in magnitude and focus instead on the patterns of change, the authors scaled the vertical profiles of ocean temperature (area - weighted with respect to each vertical ocean layer) with the global surface air temperature trend of each period.

Satellites create maps of instants in time, whereas surface wave gliders and underwater profiling gliders provide vertical profiles of the water and can be redirected to areas of greatest interest, Glenn says.

Researchers at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, are using already available satellite measurements of sulfur dioxide (SO2), a main components of volcanic emissions, along with the more recent ability to map the location and vertical profiles of volcanic aerosols.

In this method, forests are scanned with a laser on board a plane, penetrating the canopy and providing valuable information of their entire vertical profile.

To image the vertical profile of the bolt, he used post-signal processing techniques and directional amplification of the data signals captured by the microphone array.

Four environmental conditions are represented in a vertical profile as vectors:

Analysis of the harmonics, described in two accompanying papers4, 5, provides the vertical profile of the winds and precise constraints for the depth of Jupiter's dynamical atmosphere.

In accordance with Aerosol, Clouds, and Trace gases Research Infrastructure (ACTRIS) activities, the main goal of the campaign will be vertical profiling of gases, aerosols and cloud properties by unique combination of in - situ and remote sensing techniques.

The main points of that solution are to show that (1) for making temperature increase with height, it's not enough to have a stratospheric absorber; you need one with the right vertical profile, and (2) you can get stratospheric cooling in response to increased IR opacity because you get rid of more of the absorbed solar locally.

Going back to the atmosphere, there must be methods devised in calculating the total heat in the system planet wide, that is the key, I see some efforts in finding Upper Air trends, that is better, but again flawed, the Upper atmosphere constantly changes tenperatures throughout a vertical profile hour by hour, taking an average at 700 mb, may miss a strong cooling just below, or warming above.

Granted it doesn't try to determine the entire vertical profile but it is a rather impressive start I thought.

Most interesting is that the about monthly variations correlate with the lunar phases (peak on full moon) The Helsinki Background measurements 1935 The first background measurements in history; sampling data in vertical profile every 50 - 100m up to 1,5 km; 364 ppm underthe clouds and above Haldane measurements at the Scottish coast 370 ppmCO2 in winds from the sea; 355 ppm in air from the land Wattenberg measurements in the southern Atlantic ocean 1925-1927 310 sampling stations along the latitudes of the southern Atlantic oceans and parts of the northern; measuring all oceanographic data and CO2 in air over the sea; high ocean outgassing crossing the warm water currents north (> ~ 360 ppm) Buchs measurements in the northern Atlantic ocean 1932 - 1936 sampling CO2 over sea surface in northern Atlantic Ocean up to the polar circle (Greenland, Iceland, Spitsbergen, Barents Sea); measuring also high CO2 near Spitsbergen (Spitsbergen current, North Cape current) 364 ppm and CO2 over sea crossing the Atlantic from Kopenhagen to Newyork and back (Brements on a swedish island Lundegards CO2 sampling on swedish island (Kattegatt) in summer from 1920 - 1926; rising CO2 concentration (+7 ppm) in the 20s; ~ 328 ppm yearly average

The vertical profile of Arctic warming (eg - how much warming occurs at different altitudes) gives us insight into the underlying cause.

The vertical profile is therefore important, as BC aerosols or mixtures of aerosols containing a relatively large fraction of BC will exert a positive RF when located above clouds.

Because radiative forcing, while it does vary somewhat with vertical profile, is relatively immune to changes of the atmosphere due to circulation, so models can do a reasonable job of predicting that the global mean temperatures increase.

Ozone data set categories include total column ozone and vertical profile data from lidar measurements, ozonesonde flights, and the Umkehr technique.

Suppose model type 1 simulates the plan view of a plane well but is hopeless about vertical profile while model type 2 is good at vertical profile but poor at plan view then I would rather use both model types than decide whether model type 1 was better or worse than model type 2.

It measures the vertical profile of pressure, temperature and humidity (PTU) as the balloon ascends through the atmosphere.

Convective transport, wet deposition and transformation have the greatest impact on the vertical profile of particles.

The measured local vertical profile of temperature in the air is called the environmental lapse rate.»

Thus the resulting isothermal vertical profile, and the negative vertical pressure gradient that is due to, precisely, the drop - off.

Annual global mean vertical profile of organic carbon (OC) at ambient conditions, from the surface to 50 hPa (about 20 km altitude).

Comparison between the zonal winds from ultraviolet images and the vertical profile of zonal winds from the Cassini Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS) shows that the zonal winds from the ultraviolet images are from a pressure level that is ∼ 0.2 scale heights higher than the pressure level of the zonal winds from continuum - band images.

While there are difficulties in modelling the O3 depletion in the global stratosphere (WMO, 1999), this study reiterates the need to be cognisant of the role played by the vertical profile of O3 loss amounts in the entire stratosphere, i.e., middle and upper stratosphere as well, besides the lower stratosphere.

Well, the only way to work out the «expected» results — or what the theory predicts — is to solve the radiative transfer equations (RTE) for that vertical profile through the atmosphere.

Sensors provide total column water vapor and some vertical profile information over large areas.

Shine and Forster (1999) have revised this value to -0.15 Wm - 2 for the period 1979 to 1997, choosing not to include the values prior to 1979 in view of the lack of knowledge on the vertical profile which makes the sign of the change also uncertain.

A unique program makes approximately monthly measurements of the vertical profile of water vapor with frost point hygrometers carried by balloons at Boulder, Colorado.