Although research findings on prevalence are inconclusive, they generally find that women and men report similar levels of violence when the contexts, motives and consequences are not considered.6 When they are considered, studies assessing IPV perpetrated by men
compared to women often report gender differences regarding the types of violence, reasons for the violence, context in which the violence occurs and consequences of the violence.6, 7 For example, studies assessing differences in IPV find men's violence against women to be more severe, threatening and controlling8 — 10 and involve longer - lasting
victimisation, fear of bodily injury or death, more injuries and more adverse health effects.5, 11, 12 It has also been found that women tend to use physical violence out of anger, not being able to get the partner's attention or in self - defence and retaliation, 11 whereas men often use it as a means to exercise coercive control.13, 14
The literature also points to alarming rates of abuse and
victimisation of young non-heterosexual people and further, significantly higher rates of suicidal behaviour when
compared with heterosexual young people.
The frequency of family violence
victimisation was not significantly different between participants who were problem gamblers (n = 37; 47.4 %)
compared to non-problem gamblers (n = 26; 33.3 %)(X 2 = 1.97, df = 1, p =.18).