In a recent review of the distribution of
research grant emphases in the area of
violence, several NIH
institutes classified their studies into one of three categories: (a) preintervention studies, which included risk or protective studies, population - based epidemiological studies, or basic prevention development; (b) efficacy studies, which included laboratory trials of the impact of specific preventive or treatment interventions targeted at disruptive behavior disorders, including conduct disorder; and (c) effectiveness
research, which included studies of the effectiveness, dissemination, or transportability of interventions into community (nonacademic) settings.