Sentences with phrase «volcanic eruptions which»

Third: There was no cooling in the 1920s; in fact that was the start of a multidecadal warming trend that lasted until just after World War II (followed by a brief cooling trend, possibly due to increased aerosols dimming incoming sunlight together with some pretty big volcanic eruptions which did the same thing).

From 1963 to 1991, there were a series of volcanic eruptions which caused cooling and hence contraction of the upper ocean.

For example, there are oceanic cycles like the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO, comprised of El Niño and La Niña events), an 11 - year solar cycle, and particulates released during volcanic eruptions which cause short - term cooling by blocking sunlight.

But, as Todd in # 23 points out, 1984 could have been affected by the El Chichon eruption which means that the early part of the 1984 - 2008 period was affected by 2 volcanic eruptions which must influence the trend.

How about the clouds from volcanic eruptions which have caused «years without summers» (or springs).

Local area Situated about 200 km from mainland Greece, Santorini is an island in the southern Aegean Sea created from a volcanic eruption which resulted in the current geological caldera: a giant lagoon surrounded by steep cliffs and hills.

Tenerife is an island formed during a volcanic eruption which created a dry and rocky landscape with large mountains.

Not exact matches

Floods, tsunamis, droughts, volcanic eruptions, tornadoes, hurricanes and even plagues are some of the ways by which nature's immune system seeks to shout out — to cleanse and balance itself on earth.

Only a vibrant economy will permit us all to adapt to climate changes that nature brings and about which we can do very little, since solar variations, ocean currents, and volcanic eruptions are quite beyond our control.

Dr. Altizer's book — also black — is a kind of volcanic eruption against the «Christian death» which threatens the life of faith.

The Giant's Causeway, located on the County Antrim coast in Northern Ireland, includes spectacular basalt columns which were formed by volcanic eruptions up to 60 million years ago.

Both are ports on the shores of Lake Ashi, which is an enormous volcanic crater created by an eruption 3,000 years ago.

There have been plenty of smaller volcanic eruptions in recent years, such as the continuously erupting Soufriere Hills on Montserrat and Tavurvur on Papua New Guinea, which may have exploded enough SO2 into the atmosphere.

Dr Ubide said it was currently very difficult to predict volcanic eruptions — as evidenced by the eruption at Mount Agung in Bali, which started last November after 2 months of precursory earthquakes.

Igneous rocks are formed by the cooling of magma (molten rock) which makes its way to Earth's surface, often leading to volcanic eruptions.

«We have found that the deposition of sulfur compounds in the Antarctic after very large volcanic eruptions in the tropics may be lower than previously thought,» the atmospheric researcher summarizes the findings of the study which has just been published in the current issue of the international «Journal of Geophysical Research — Atmosphere.»

It was based on real volcanic eruptions during the past 200,000 years in Central America, which had been investigated in the framework of the Collaborative Research Project 574.

Such eruptions, which expel enormous quantities of magma, are the largest volcanic events on earth.

This new approach to studying magma flow revealed that prior to a volcanic eruption there was recirculation of the fluid in the dyke and instability in the flow, details which had previously not been documented before.

Besides SSCE, scientists have also been investigating stratospheric sulfur injections — firing sun - reflecting aerosols into the air, similar to the cooling effect after a volcanic eruption — and cirrus cloud thinning, where you thin the top level of clouds, which have a warming effect on the planet.

The drill's filters, which clean water being pumped out of the borehole, became clogged with black dust — «volcanic ashes from some past large volcanic eruption,» speculated Slawek Tulaczyk, a glaciologist from the University of California, Santa Cruz, who has studied this region for two decades and co-leads the drilling project.

To determine whether declining pollutants deserve credit for the recovery, the researchers used a 3D atmospheric model to separate the effects of the chemicals from those of weather, which can affect ozone loss through winds and temperature, and volcanic eruptions, which deplete ozone by pumping sulfate particles into the upper atmosphere.

In the first study of its kind, scientists sought to better understand how big volcanic eruptions, which can trigger a shortage of rainfall in many regions of the world, can impact on rivers.

Any volcano on land which was as lively as KeJ would be constantly monitored by satellites and an array of local instruments looking for the slightest change in behaviour that could precede a major volcanic eruption.

Geologists measure eruptions by the Volcanic Explosivity Index, which uses whole numbers from 0 to 8 to rate the relative amount of ash, dust, and sulphur a volcano throws into the atmosphere.

The research team showed that prior to the industrial period (pre AD 1800), changes in the North Atlantic Ocean, brought about by variations in the Sun's activity and volcanic eruptions, were driving our climate and led to changes in the atmosphere, which subsequently impacted our weather.

Meanwhile, hydrogen sulfide, which would have been released in huge amounts by volcanic eruptions, would have mostly stayed in the atmosphere, as the molecule is relatively insoluble in water, and therefore would not have had regular opportunities to interact with hydrogen cyanide.

The volume of ash deposited, and the estimated height of the eruption plume (43 kilometers above sea level) put the eruption's magnitude at a minimum of 7 on the volcanic explosivity index (which has a scale of 1 to 8)-- making it one of the largest known in the Holocene.

Seismic waves are waves of energy produced by earthquakes, explosions and volcanic eruptions, which can travel long distances below Earth's surface.

According to Konhauser, this «nickel famine» coincided with the cooling of the earth's mantle, which curtailed volcanic eruptions of nickel - rich lava.

But the simulations also reveal that the technique, which mimics the short - term cooling effects of volcanic eruptions, could chill the planet if overdone.

Atmospheric changes that caused volcanic eruptions centuries ago, such as the one in Timanfaya or the Tambora volcano (Indonesia)- which hid the sunlight for months -, had an impact on high - mountain centennial forests in the Iberian Peninsula, as stated in an article published in the journal Science of the Total Environment in which the lecturer Emilia Gutiérrez, from the Faculty of Biology of the University of Barcelona, has taken part.

There have been large volcanic eruptions that have contributed to short - term cooling of Earth from the SO2 that reaches the stratosphere, which is what happened following the Philippines Mount Pinatubo eruption in June 1991.

The models, which factor in natural effects such as solar winds and volcanic eruptions, along with anthropogenic forcings like greenhouse gases and aerosols, match these precipitation variations accurately in trend and reasonably well in magnitude.

In particular, eruptions such the Timanfaya's in Lanzarote ─ one of the strongest in the country due its duration until 1736 and the amount of thrown material ─ and Tambora's ─ one of the biggest volcanic episodes, which led to a «year without summer» in 1816 ─ released big amounts of iron that altered the chemical composition of the annual Pyrenean tree rings.

Scientists have long known of the cooling effect of major volcanic eruptions, which spew large amounts of light - scattering aerosols into the stratosphere.

Pinatubo also threw 20 million tons of sulfur dioxide into the air, which scientists say was a result of volcanic rock soaking up excess sulfur and other elements underground prior to the actual eruption.

The research team led by Dr. Jin - Young Lee confirmed in results from radiocarbon dating for carbonized wood (charcoal) found below the basaltic layer located in Sangchang - ri, Seogwipo - si, Jeju - do it dated back to 5,000 years ago; which means the time when the basalt on the upper layer was formed took place relatively recently, i.e. 5,000 years ago, and which demonstrates that the island has experienced a volcanic eruption fairly recently.

It is also thought that the stick - slip process that frictional melting generates is concurrent to «seismic drumbeats» which are the regular, rhythmic small earthquakes which have been recently found to accompany large volcanic eruptions.

However, scientists from Trinity College Dublin have just discovered how to prise volcanic secrets from magma crystals, which means they are better able to piece together the history of global geography and to predict future eruptions of active volcanoes.

Now Manning, Ludlow and their colleagues have found that eight out of nine documented revolts against the Ptolemaic rulers began within two years of a volcanic eruption — which would have disrupted rains.

Glass compositions of the YTT (open squares) are clearly distinct from tephra of the Rungwe Volcanic Province (26) and of the Olkaria (27) and Eburru (28) volcanoes, Kenya, which have produced rhyolitic eruptions during the last 150 ka..

The most explosive volcanic event of the Quaternary was the eruption of Mt. Toba, Sumatra, 75,000 y ago, which produced voluminous ash deposits found across much of the Indian Ocean, Indian Peninsula, and South China Sea.

The second experiment used a higher pressure, which generated a hot water mist similar to that of a water vapor - rich volcanic eruption into the atmosphere, whereas the third used a so - called silent discharge instead of a spark.

«We have clearly passed 1 degree above preindustrial temperatures,» and likely won't go below it without a major volcanic eruption (which tends to cool global temperatures), Gavin Schmidt, director of NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies, said.

The new work adds to the diversity of types of wet environments for which evidence exists on Mars, including rivers, lakes, deltas, seas, hot springs, groundwater, and volcanic eruptions beneath ice.

The change in atmospheric pressure is on the order of 0.01 % or less of the pressures which cause an explosive volcanic eruption.

This would open up large areas of airspace that would otherwise be closed during a volcanic eruption, which would benefit passengers by minimising disruption.

(That prediction assumes there are no major volcanic eruptions, which have a cooling influence.)

One example that I wasn't previously aware of, were the climate events of 536 AD — «dry fogs», crop failures, «dim suns» and yellow snow etc. — features consistent with a large volcanic eruption, possibly near the site of Krakatoa — and which correlates with evidence of a sulphate peak in the North GRIP ice core at the same time.