Sentences with phrase «volcanic gases changed»

Not exact matches

Their findings: natural influences such as changes in the amount of sunlight or volcanic eruptions did not explain the warming trends, but the results matched when increasing levels of greenhouse gas emissions were added to the mix.

The researchers warn, however, that the future evolution of the AMO remains uncertain, with many factors potentially affecting how it interacts with atmospheric circulation patterns, such as Arctic sea ice loss, changes in solar radiation, volcanic eruptions and concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

For the first time, this study allowed researchers to analyse the effects of the climate change on the forest nutrient cycles, and states that Pyrenean forests can register these episodes chemical mark at a global scale (for instance, volcanic eruptions in remote areas) and the effects of gas emissions into the atmosphere since the Industrial Revolution.

Professor Sybren said: «It can be excluded, however, that this hiatus period was solely caused by changes in atmospheric forcing, either due to volcanic eruptions, more aerosols emissions in Asia, or reduced greenhouse gas emissions.

Barnhart said the changes from dry to wet periods might have had to do with periods of greenhouse - gas outgassing associated with volcanic eruptions, large impacts, or a change in the tilt of Mars» rotation, though all that remains to be studied further.

Investigating the cause of 20th Century warming is properly done in detection and attribution studies, which analyze the various forcings (e.g., solar variations, greenhouse gases or volcanic activity) and the observed time and space patterns of climate change in detail.

And finally, current theories based on greenhouse gas increases, changes in solar, volcanic, ozone, land use and aerosol forcing do a pretty good job of explaining the temperature changes over the 20th Century.

In the past, volcanic eruptions caused by changes at plate boundaries have warmed the atmosphere by pumping out greenhouse gases.

Investigating the cause of 20th Century warming is properly done in detection and attribution studies, which analyze the various forcings (e.g., solar variations, greenhouse gases or volcanic activity) and the observed time and space patterns of climate change in detail.

Thus the changes in the stratosphere are basically a function of the greenhouse gases, ozone levels and volcanic aerosols there.

Also, due to the multiplicity of anthropogenic and natural effects on the climate over this time (i.e. aerosols, land - use change, greenhouse gases, ozone changes, solar, volcanic etc.) it is difficult to accurately define the forcings.

They include changes in solar irradiance, greenhouse gases, tropospheric aerosols, and volcanic aerosols.

Investigating the cause of 20th Century warming is done in so - called detection and attribution studies, which analyze the various forcings (e.g., solar variations, greenhouse gases or volcanic activity) and the observed time and space patterns of climate change in detail.

Any change in the strength of natural (volcanic, solar) influences based on historical variations will have an opposite effect on the influence of greenhouse gases, and thus on man - made emissions.

The warming period from about 1920 — 1950 has been attributed to a combination of greenhouse gases (which were increasing through the period to some extent), solar changes, and unusually low volcanic activity.

The argument that larger sensitivity for natural (mainly solar and volcanic) goes at the cost of the sensitivity for natural and man - made greenhouse gases, or enhanced variability during pre-industrial times, would result in a redistribution of weight towards the role of natural factors in forcing temperature changes, seems to rely on a model like the following: T = a * ANTHRO + b * NAT

Some of these forcings are well known and understood (such as the well - mixed greenhouse gases, or recent volcanic effects), while others have an uncertain magnitude (solar), and / or uncertain distributions in space and time (aerosols, tropospheric ozone etc.), or uncertain physics (land use change, aerosol indirect effects etc.).

Recently I have been looking at the climate models collected in the CMIP3 archive which have been analysed and assessed in IPCC and it is very interesting to see how the forced changes — i.e. the changes driven the external factors such as greenhouse gases, tropospheric aerosols, solar forcing and stratospheric volcanic aerosols drive the forced response in the models (which you can see by averaging out several simulations of the same model with the same forcing)-- differ from the internal variability, such as associated with variations of the North Atlantic and the ENSO etc, which you can see by looking at individual realisations of a particular model and how it differs from the ensemble mean.

One driver of temperatures in this region is the abundance and variability of ozone, but water vapor, volcanic aerosols, and dynamical changes such as the Quasi - Biennial Oscillation (QBO) are also significant; anthropogenic increases in other greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide play a lesser but significant role in the lower stratosphere.

The missing panel, titled «Changing Climate,» states that «Volcanic eruptions and burning fossil fuels increase the amount of carbon dioxide and other heat - trapping gases in the atmosphere.

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This is the portion of temperature change that is imposed on the ocean - atmosphere - land system from the outside and it includes contributions from anthropogenic increases in greenhouse gasses, aerosols, and land - use change as well as changes in solar radiation and volcanic aerosols.

In the first instance, the frequency of extreme summers was calculated in climate models where both human - caused (changes in greenhouse gases, aerosols and ozone) and natural (solar radiation changes and volcanic) climate factors were included.

But who's to say that if we had enough data and understanding, these spikes and dips could not be thoroughly explained by solar influences, volcanic eruptions, greenhouse gas changes, ice sheet dynamics, etc..?

The red line incorporates natural influences like changes in solar output and volcanic activity but virtually all of the long - term warming is attributable to human - caused increases in greenhouse gasses.

«We use 1280 years of control simulation, with constant preindustrial forcings including constant specified CO2, and a five - member ensemble of historical simulations from 1850 — 2005 including prescribed historical greenhouse gas concentrations, SO2 and other aerosol - precursor emissions, land use changes, solar irradiance changes, tropospheric and stratospheric ozone changes, and volcanic aerosol (ALL), following the recommended CMIP5 specifications.

We also use five - member ensembles of simulations with greenhouse gas changes only (GHG), volcanic and solar irradiance changes only (NAT), and aerosol changes only (AER) over the period 1850 — 2010.»

The literature since the AR4, and the availability of more simulations of the last millennium with more complete forcing, including solar, volcanic and greenhouse gas influences, and generally also land use change and orbital forcing) and more sophisticated models, to a much larger extent coupled climate or coupled earth system models, some of them with interactive carbon cycle, strengthens these conclusions.

«Since 1997, when Pinatubo's aerosol settled out, the stratosphere has been exceptionally clear... Half or more of the warming since 1995 may due to the lack of large volcanic eruptions... That's about 0.13 °C... The remaining climate change is presumably caused by other forces, such as solar variability, El Nino, Atlantic AMO warming in 1995, lower Albedo and maybe even a little greenhouse gas.»

We instead conclude that solar forcing probably had a minor effect on Northern Hemisphere climate over the past 1,000 years, while, volcanic eruptions and changes in greenhouse gas concentrations seem to be the most important influence over this period.

The BEST team found that greenhouse gases and volcanic eruptions could account for most of the observed temperature change, and suggest that the remainder of the variability is fairly consistent with the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), an ocean cycle, and very little contribution from changes in solar activity (Figure 2).

Whether there be radiative gases, biosphere changes, volcanic events, ocean cycles, solar cycles, albedo variations or asteroid strikes the same mechanism restores balance over time.

«Climate models used historic data for factors like greenhouse gas concentrations, solar output, volcanic eruptions, air pollution, and other factors that can affect the climate through 2005 or so, but after that point made assumptions of how these would change in the future.

Difficult, complicated science questions like the interplay between natural climate variability (e.g., volcanic eruptions, solar minimums, the El Niño - La Niña cycle) and manmade, fossil fuel - based energy consumption — which accelerates greenhouse gas emissions and drives climate change — still need further clarification.

10 Heat Storage: Mostly the Oceans 1955 - 1996; Levitus et al. 2001: Science World Ocean = 18.2 x10 22 Joules Atmosphere = 0.7 x10 22 Joules Land Ice = 0.8 x10 22 Joules observed Modeled Model includes forcing from Greenhouse Gases, Sulfate Aerosols Solar irradiance changes, and volcanic aerosols.

Also, regarding subsea volacanic eruptions — a volcanic eruption involves release of magma at several thousand degrees C plus superheated gases — when that hits cold sea water you are going to have a very violent and explosive change of form from lquid water to steam combined with the release of dissolved gases (mostly CO2)-- I am not sure what laws of Chemistry and Physics you are looking at, but I would suggest that that those bubbles and heated gases and water will rise to to the surface very quickly and have a major local effect on any nearby ice.

Conversely, holding greenhouse gas concentrations and sulfur emissions at their 1998 values and allowing solar insolation, SOI, and volcanic sulfates to evolve as observed generates a forecast that is consistent with the observed pattern of temperature change.

The model included a more comprehensive set of natural and human - made climate forcings than previous studies, including changes in solar radiation, volcanic particles, human - made greenhouse gases, fine particles such as soot, the effect of the particles on clouds and land use.

How incredibly arrogant that so many believe humans are changing the climate when enormous volcanic events shaded the sun over large continents for years — spewing poisonous gases.

The primary drivers of these cloud changes appear to be increasing greenhouse gas concentrations and a recovery from volcanic radiative cooling.

Traditionally, climate - model projections have only accounted for external forcings, such as man - made greenhouse gases, past volcanic eruptions and projected changes in solar output.

The internally imposed structural changes to the climate system include the injection of the non-condensing greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O, CFCs, etc), volcanic and anthropogenic aerosols, and episodic contact to the deep ocean cold temperature reservoir (this is responsible for the «natural», «internally forced», or «unforced» variability of the climate system).

Over the next decade, changes in climate are expected to be due to a combination of anthropogenic changes in atmospheric greenhouse - gas and aerosol concentrations; natural variations in volcanic and solar activity, and natural, unforced internal variability.

The only direct real - world inputs to these models, in a climate change simulation context, are changes in atmospheric chemistry and composition (such as increasing greenhouse gases, or changing volcanic aerosols) and changes in solar radiation.

-- paleoclimate data reflecting past climate states very different from today — climate response to volcanic eruptions, solar changes and other non-greenhouse gas forcings — timescales different from those relevant for climate stabilization, such as the climate response to volcanic eruptions

If it is mainly greenhouse gases, the trend should go on to the positive side... Of course, a large volcanic eruption may — temporarely — change that all.

But to quantify the influences (or «forcings» in climate jargon) even further, they considered three anthropogenic forcings — well - mixed greenhouse gases, sulfate aerosols, and tropospheric and stratospheric ozone — as well as two natural forcings — changes in solar irradiance and volcanic aerosols — all of which are likely to influence tropopause height.»

There have been numerous research papers and reviews published over the past 10 years, including several in prestigious journals such as Nature and Science, that conclude that the observed temperature changes over the past 100 years are consistent with the combined changes in atmospheric aerosols (volcanic and anthropogenic), land surface changes, variations in solar irradiance and increases in greenhouse gases.

Modellers were able to «peek at the answer» since they could not only observe inputs to the climate system (such as historical greenhouse gas levels, volcanic activity, solar changes and so forth) but also the simulation targets, namely average temperatures, when tuning their models.

The drivers of climate over this period are chiefly orbital, solar, volcanic, changes in land use / land cover and some variation in greenhouse gas levels.