The negligence of EU environmental policy in the Commission's 2004 Guidelines on Application of Article 81 (3) of the Treaty and the 2010 Guidelines on Horizontal Co-Operation Agreements is seriously worrying in that respect, particularly since EU environmental policy is based increasingly on market based instruments (e.g. emissions trading, tax instruments,
voluntary environmental agreements) to achieve EU environmental goals.
Not exact matches
The line between what's
voluntary and what's mandatory can be hazy when it comes to
environmental agreements, and enforcement is somewhat soft.
Voluntary cooperation / Market - and non-market-based approaches (Art. 6)-- The Paris
Agreement recognizes the possibility of
voluntary cooperation among Parties to allow for higher ambition and sets out principles — including
environmental integrity, transparency and robust accounting — for any cooperation that involves internationally transferal of mitigation outcomes.
Yamaguchi, M., 2003:
Environmental effectiveness of
voluntary agreement to cope with climate change: An evaluation methodology, Mita Journal of Economics, 96 (2), pp. 19 - 47.
, 2005: The handbook of
environmental voluntary agreements: Design, implementation and evaluation issues.
At the state level,
voluntary agreements or compacts between tribal authorities and state governments cover a wide range of key social and economic issues including
environmental protection, criminal jurisdiction, traffic and safety, child protection and education.