Progressives and traditionalists battled over the curriculum in the first two decades of the twentieth century (practical
vs. «book - based» learning), in the 1920s (project - based, experiential learning
vs. traditional intellectual disciplines), in the 1940s (curriculum for personal adjustment
vs. curriculum for knowledge and skills), in the 1960s and 1970s (student - centered,
open classrooms and
inquiry learning
vs. teacher - led classrooms and basic skills), and in the 1990s (over standards, as described above).