Additionally, circadian misalignment is associated with alterations in cortisol and leptin secretion in relation to wake - sleep and feeding - fasting cycles causing further aggravating dysregulation of glucose and energy homeostasis (258, 259).
Insomnia is defined as a sleep disorder characterized by a qualitative and quantitative impairment of sleep caused by an alteration of the normal sleep - wakingcycle where the waking status prevails over the sleeping status.