«In the last
warm interval on Earth (called the Eemian), global temperatures were likely only +0.2 or +0.3 degrees Celsius warmer than today (+1 degrees maximum), and sea level was +5 to +9 meters higher.
Not exact matches
While the meat and vegetables are grilling, heat up the tortillas (This can be done
on a stove top or in the microwave by wrapping the tortillas in a damp towel and microwaving in short
intervals until they are
warm and pliable).
Microwave
on high in 1 - minute
intervals until
warm.
Microwave in 1 - minute
intervals until
warm, or reheat in a pan
on stovetop.
If a microwave is your only option I would cook it
on 30 second
intervals (stirring each time) until it is
warmed through.
Option 1: come back in 10 - minute
intervals to turn the oven off, then back
on warm, then back off, then back
on warm, and so
on.
Uncover each arm and wash it, all the while keeping them
warm by pouring water
on their body at different
intervals.
It also has a few terrific features that I'm really grooving
on, not the least of which are three
interval programs, each with 16 customizable
intervals (you can even name them:
warm - up, fast, slow, etc.).
For just over a year, I have spent nearly every Wednesday night and Saturday morning running a
warm up pace that makes me overheat, then starting the
interval workout which involves me sometimes running slower than the «
warm up pace «and watching the lithe people run away from me at incredible speeds, then «slinky - ing «forward while they run back for me
on the recovery, watching them sprint away from me some more, and then eventually finding myself labouring up a hill to exit the river valley at the end of the workout to find the group of speedsters waiting to fist pound it out before we run back to the shop at a cool down pace which only makes me sweat even more.
Carefully turn the bag and continue to
warm in 30 second
intervals on low until white chocolate chips are melted.
For example, an
interval training session
on the treadmill could look something like this:
Warm - up for 3 - 4 minutes at a fast walk or light jog
On the other hand, weight training, plyometrics, or sprint
intervals, a more in - depth
warm - up is required.
The basic picture is the same — 2008 is a cool anomaly
on the back of a
warming trend and is very analogous to similar cool anomalies that occur in the models at random
intervals.
In contrast, the only
interval in the GISS or NCDC global time series that looks odd is during the WWII years between 1941 and 1945, where it appears that all the temperatures have a
warming bias of 0.1 C. I agree with J.J.Kennedy that it is an artificial shift based
on war - time procedures, but I think the corrections that Hadley made post-WWII were questionable.
Below you'll hear from scientists with significant concerns about keystone sections of the paper —
on the evidence for «superstorms» in the last
warm interval between ice ages, the Eemian, and
on the pace at which seas could rise and the imminence of any substantial uptick in the rate of coastal inundation.
-- we show no statistically significant
warming for the continent as a whole over 1957 - 2006 (our finding is 0.06 ± 0.08 degrees C / decade, using a standard 95 % confidence
interval; I state all subsequent trends
on this basis), whereas S09 showed statistically significant
warming of 0.12 ± 0.08.
Mark — What are your thoughts about the analysis by Ramanathan and Feng (PNAS, Sept 17,2008: http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0803838105), in which they calculate the committed
warming of cumulative emissions since the pre-industrial era as in the region of 2.4 °C (with a confidence
interval of 1.4 °C to 4.3 °C), based
on calculating the equilibrium temperature if GHG concentrations are held at 2005 levels into the future.
And there are plenty of important questions to resolve about the climate of the Holocene — this comfy
warm interval humans have enjoyed since the end of the last ice age — before the human influence
on the system built in recent decades.
At the same time you harp
on disagreements among the surface measures even though they all agree within the same confidence
intervals,, and all show significant
warming consistent with IPCC estimates.
There were many ups and downs, but they had little effect
on the overall
warming of about 0.5 — 0.6 C calculated for the entire
interval (compare the black line with the individual red and blue bars)..
If there are implications, I believe they should be specified by identifying the post-1950
warming influences in addition to anthropogenic ghgs and citing quantitative data
on their greater net strength over the entire course of the
interval.
Geologists can prove global
warming has been occurring here
on this planet at regular 1,500 year
intervals for more than six million years.
Given the heat storage changes (Fig. 7), the imbalance is presumably a
warming one
on average during the studied
interval.
''... worked with two sediment cores they extracted from the seabed of the eastern Norwegian Sea, developing a 1000 - year proxy temperature record «based
on measurements of δ18O in Neogloboquadrina pachyderma, a planktonic foraminifer that calcifies at relatively shallow depths within the Atlantic waters of the eastern Norwegian Sea during late summer,» which they compared with the temporal histories of various proxies of concomitant solar activity... This work revealed, as the seven scientists describe it, that «the lowest isotope values (highest temperatures) of the last millennium are seen ~ 1100 - 1300 A.D., during the Medieval Climate Anomaly, and again after ~ 1950 A.D.» In between these two
warm intervals, of course, were the colder temperatures of the Little Ice Age, when oscillatory thermal minima occurred at the times of the Dalton, Maunder, Sporer and Wolf solar minima, such that the δ18O proxy record of near - surface water temperature was found to be «robustly and near - synchronously correlated with various proxies of solar variability spanning the last millennium,» with decade - to century - scale temperature variability of 1 to 2 °C magnitude.»
«The authors write that «the Mediterranean region is one of the world's most vulnerable areas with respect to global
warming,»... they thus consider it to be extremely important to determine what impact further temperature increases might have
on the storminess of the region... produced a high - resolution record of paleostorm events along the French Mediterranean coast over the past 7000 years... from the sediment bed of Pierre Blanche Lagoon [near Montpellier, France]... nine French scientists, as they describe it, «recorded seven periods of increased storm activity at 6300 - 6100, 5650 - 5400, 4400 - 4050, 3650 - 3200, 2800 - 2600, 1950 - 1400, and 400 - 50 cal yr BP,» the latter of which
intervals they associate with the Little Ice Age.
If,
on the other hand, the differences between station means and station offsets show large variance because different stations have
warmed differently between baseline and observation
intervals, then the last term will greatly increase the estimated data variance.
On the other hand, the trend of the 21st century is 0, which is twice the rate of certain selected previous
intervals that had a
warming rate of 0.
In contrast, some global
warming advocates maintain that analysis of the MWP adds little to the climate debate, since the climate variability of the
interval can be explained by changes in large - scale climate patterns, such as El Niño / Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the NAO, rather than by changes brought
on by human beings.
All it gives is an eyeball comparison of spatial colour maps for the 1901 - 2010
intervals, and later
on the same page notes that the similarity is not as good for the 1979 - 2010
interval, with evidence of model over-prediction of
warming in a number of areas.
If you look at this chart and notice where the excess
warming and cooling regions occur, they happen to map to the two extreme
intervals on the profile of «greater than 0.1 km ^ 3» volcanic eruptions.
The expected ALL
warming, based
on climate models only, is \ -LRB-[+0.74 \) K \ -LRB-, +0.86 \) K](90 % confidence
interval).
The trend in peak hottest years starting in 1998 and continuing
on through 2005, 2010, and now 2014 is roughly 0.1 C per decade, as is illustrated in the graphic shown below, which is an adaption of the Ed Hawkins graphic referenced by David Apell several weeks ago in a comment he posted in response to the «Spinning the «
warmest year»» article... As shown in the above graphic, if a trend of peak hottest years starts in 1998 and is then extrapolated at a rate of +0.1 C per decade out to the year 2035, the extrapolated trend just skirts the lower boundary of the model ensemble range
interval described by IPPC AR5 RCP (all 5 - 95 % range).
The presence of multidecadal internal variability superimposed
on the secular trend gives the appearance of accelerated
warming and cooling episodes at roughly regular
intervals.
The ROW trend is much different than the US trends: the most interesting result of this will (in my opinion) be, not so much a major revision of US temperature history where one already has pretty
warm 1930s (but there will be an effect there), but the information
on variations in trends resulting from site quality differences than need to be included in ROW calculations and confidence
interval calculations.
Each of the points
on my graph has a 99 % confidence
interval, also the average
warming rate has a 99 % confidence
interval.