Sentences with phrase «warming emissions depending»

Estimates of total global warming emissions depend on a number of factors, including wind speed, percent of time the wind is blowing, and the material composition of the wind turbine [13].

Not exact matches

How much the agreement reduces greenhouse gas emissions, and through that reduces warming, will depend on whether countries meet their targets for curbing emissions and deploying renewable energy and whether they ramp up their ambition in the years ahead.

The fact that the city's bus fleet still depends on diesel, Artaxo warned, creates an even worse health hazard in the shape of emissions of black carbon, one of the main components of soot and a pollutant that contributes to global warming.

As average U.S. temperatures warm between 3 °F and more than 9 °F by the end of the century, depending on how greenhouse gas emissions are curtailed or not in the coming years, the waves of extreme heat the country is likely to experience could bend and buckle rails into what experts call «sun kinks.»

Contemporary global mean sea level rise will continue over many centuries as a consequence of anthropogenic climate warming, with the detailed pace and final amount of rise depending substantially on future greenhouse gas emissions.

A global warming target is converted to a fossil fuel emissions target with the help of global climate - carbon - cycle models, which reveal that eventual warming depends on cumulative carbon emissions, not on the temporal history of emissions [12].

The emission limit depends on climate sensitivity, but central estimates [12]--[13], including those in the upcoming Fifth Assessment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [14], are that a 2 °C global warming limit implies a cumulative carbon emissions limit of the order of 1000 GtC.

The long - term sea level rise will depend critically on the cumulative carbon emission pathway humans follow, which determines the sustained global warming that can be maintained for centuries to millennia.

V: The logic behind the claim that lowered temperatures mid-century were due largely to the emission of industrial aerosols from the unconstrained burning of fossil fuels depends on the assumption that the warming to be expected from the release of CO2 was somehow neutralized by the release of those aerosols.

Either way, their survival depends far more on their adaptation than it does to US action, since no matter what policies we enact, there is warming already in the «pipeline» and the warming to come from the economic growth in the developing world will dwarf any attempts to limit our own emissions.

Temperature tends to respond so that, depending on optical properties, LW emission will tend to reduce the vertical differential heating by cooling warmer parts more than cooler parts (for the surface and atmosphere); also (not significant within the atmosphere and ocean in general, but significant at the interface betwen the surface and the air, and also significant (in part due to the small heat fluxes involved, viscosity in the crust and somewhat in the mantle (where there are thick boundary layers with superadiabatic lapse rates) and thermal conductivity of the core) in parts of the Earth's interior) temperature changes will cause conduction / diffusion of heat that partly balances the differential heating.

The amount of warming we will experience beyond the next few decades depends upon choices about emissions made now and in the near future.

«Most of the people here have jobs that are very well paid and they depend on the idea that carbon emissions cause global warming.

Drawing on experience building a customer base for various products over many years, Clark sees efforts to curb emissions of greenhouse gases as a solution that — because of the long - term and cumulative nature of warming risks — is offered well ahead of public recognition of the problem (truly disruptive changes to conditions and resources humans depend on).

Climate alarm depends on several gloomy assumptions — about how fast emissions will increase, how fast atmospheric concentrations will rise, how much global temperatures will rise, how warming will affect ice sheet dynamics and sea - level rise, how warming will affect weather patterns, how the latter will affect agriculture and other economic activities, and how all climate change impacts will affect public health and welfare.

Even after decades of increasingly dire warnings, the US has still not passed comprehensive federal legislation to combat global warming; Canada has abandoned past pledges in order to exploit its emissions - heavy tar sands; China continues to depend on coal for its energy production; Indonesia's effort to stem widespread deforestation is facing stiff resistance from industry; Europe is mulling pulling back on its more ambitious cuts if other nations do not join it; northern nations are scrambling to exploit the melting Arctic for untapped oil and gas reserves; and fossil fuels continue to be subsidized worldwide to the tune of $ 400 billion.

Thus a grand solar minimum would have to cause about 1 °C cooling, plus it would have to offset the continued human - caused global warming between 1 and 5 °C by 2100, depending on how our greenhouse gas emissions change over the next century.

But of course the pace of the temperature trend also depends on the global future emissions outlook and on remaining uncertainties surrounding climate sensitivity — or the politically most relevant metric «Equilibrium Climate Sensitivity» (ECS), the amount of warming expected on a decades timescale after doubling of the atmospheric CO2 concentration.

A new grand solar minimum would not trigger another LIA; in fact, the maximum 0.3 °C cooling would barely make a dent in the human - caused global warming over the next century, likely between 1 and 5 °C, depending on how much we manage to reduce our fossil fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.

In 2006, the European Union (EU), which consists of 27 members, committed to reducing its global warming emissions by at least 20 percent of 1990 levels by 2020, to consuming 20 percent of its energy from renewable sources by 2020, and to reducing its primary energy use by 20 percent from projected levels through increased energy efficiency.1 The EU has also committed to spending $ 375 billion a year to cut greenhouse gas emissions by at least 80 percent by 2050 compared to 1990 levels.2 The EU is meeting these goals through binding national commitments which vary depending on the unique situation of a given country but which average out to the overall targets.

The baseline case includes the possibility of WAIS instability, depending upon emissions and warming; the triggered case differs only in enforcing collapse under any scenario at some time within Levermann et al.'s (10) 2,000 - y envelope.

Contemporary global mean sea level rise will continue over many centuries as a consequence of anthropogenic climate warming, with the detailed pace and final amount of rise depending substantially on future greenhouse gas emissions.

Replacing oil with cleaner fuels can help reduce global warming emissions — but it depends on how the fuels are made and what they're made from.

«The proportionality of warming to cumulative emissions depends in part on a cancellation of the saturation of carbon sinks with increasing cumulative emissions (leading to a larger airborne fraction of cumulative emissions for higher emissions) and the logarithmic dependence of radiative forcing on atmospheric CO2 concentration [leading to a smaller increase in radiative forcing per unit increase in atmospheric CO2 at higher CO2 concentrations; Matthews et al. (2009)-RSB-.

However it turns out that for the range of scenarios considered in the simulations behind SPM Fig. 10, the dependence is mostly offset by a dependence of how much warming is «delayed» by the thermal inertia of the oceans (which will also depend on the rate of change in forcing and hence emissions).

How much warmer earth will get depends not only on future carbon emissions but an array of other variables.

Their campaign depends on maintaining their fantasy world, which they do by defending their catastrophic anthropocentric global warming (CAGW) hypothesis, claiming that failure to reduce CO2 emissions will result in various climate / extreme weather catastrophes.

-- Muller believes humans are changing climate with CO2 emissions — humans have been responsible for «most» of a 0.4 C warming since 1957, almost none of the warming before then — IPCC is in trouble due to sloppy science, exaggerated predictions; chairman will have to resign — the «Climategate» mails were not «hacked» — they were «leaked» by an insider — due to «hide the decline» deception, Muller will not read any future papers by Michael Mann — there has been no increase in hurricanes or tornadoes due to global warming — automobiles are insignificant in overall picture — China is the major CO2 producer, considerably more than USA today — # 1 priority for China is growth of economy — global warming is not considered important — China CO2 efficiency (GDP per ton CO2) is around one - fourth of USA today, has much room for improvement — China growth will make per capita CO2 emissions at same level as USA today by year 2040 — if it is «not profitable» it is «not sustainable» — US energy future depends on shale gas for automobiles; hydrogen will not be a factor — nor will electric cars, due to high cost — Muller is upbeat on nuclear (this was recorded pre-Fukushima)-- there has been no warming in the USA — Muller was not convinced of Hansen's GISS temperature record; hopes BEST will provide a better record.

The actual amount of emissions reductions that are needed between now and 2020 is somewhat of a moving target depending on the level of uncertainty that society is willing to accept that a dangerous warming limit will be exceeded, the most recent increases in ghg emissions rates, and assumptions about when global ghg emissions peak before beginning rapid reduction rates.

The emission limit depends on climate sensitivity, but central estimates [12]--[13], including those in the upcoming Fifth Assessment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [14], are that a 2 °C global warming limit implies a cumulative carbon emissions limit of the order of 1000 GtC.

Possible scenarios of future climate change depend only on emissions scenarios that are translated into warming by climate models that produce far more warming than has recently been observed.

By the late 1990s, lots of jobs depended on the idea that carbon emissions caused global warming.

Research such as this is vital because, although the most visible attempts to reduce global warming and mitigate climate change depend on lowering greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel combustion, there is another, parallel, approach: to limit the emissions that spring from land use change, chiefly by preserving natural forests.

In fact, it is true that reducing carbon emissions blamed for global warming depends on changing behaviour across society, but even that conviction seems to be missing, Seidl said.

Choosing a electric vehicle instead of the gasoline version for this analysis reduces global warming emissions from 20 to over 80 percent, depending on the emissions from electricity generation.

So, in order to trigger another LIA, a new grand solar minimum would have to cause about 1 °C cooling, plus it would have to offset the continued human - caused global warming of 1 to 5 °C by 2100, depending on how our greenhouse gas emissions change over the next century.

The exact warming resulting from this delay depends on the trajectory of future CO2 emissions but using one business - as usual - projection we estimate an increase of 3/4 °C for every 15 - year delay in CO2 mitigation.

Those emissions would also impact the data while viewing the warm target, so the brightness temperature scale depends on building a calibration curve to remove the noise.

Al Gore wrote a book insisting that the future of civilization itself depended on battling global warming; during his eight years as vice president, Americans increased their carbon emissions by 15 percent.