Global warming appears to be resulting in a steadily
warming ocean layer, as well as moister atmosphere.
Faster flow is more turbulent, and in this turbulence more heat is mixed into AABW from shallower,
warmer ocean layers — thus warming the abyssal waters on their way to the Equator, affecting global climate change.
That the Pacific phenomenon involve upwelling suggests that more or less flow in cold currents — the Peruvian and Californian Currents — displace more or less of the overlaying
warm ocean layer.
While at least a portion of the NSTM - layer was eroded, deeper
warm ocean layers remained unaffected.
Not exact matches
They are normally found in the upper
layers of the open
ocean in
warm seas.
Last year, a study published in Science Advances found that the
oceans have been steadily storing more heat since the 1980s and that deeper
layers of the
ocean are starting to
warm up, as well.
The wind keeps a
layer of
warm water near the surface in Indonesia, reducing the temperature difference across the Indian
Ocean and so minimising the strength of positive IOD events.
Beneath an ice
layer about 10 to 15 miles (15 - 25 kilometers) thick, the moon is thought to harbor a liquid water
ocean, possibly
warmed by geologic processes originating in the planet's core.
At that time, changes in atmospheric - oceanic circulation led to a stratification in the
ocean with a cold
layer at the surface and a
warm layer below.
According to the researchers, to better understand if Matthew's intensification was aided by the
warm - water eddies and the residing barrier
layer in the Caribbean Sea's upper
ocean, more ambient and in - storm upper
ocean observations in this basin are needed to improve forecast models for the region.
Trenbeth and others have used simulation - based studies to suggest that the
ocean is continuing to
warm, but the deeper
layers have been
warming up more in the last decade.
He proposed that the bottom
layers of Europa's ice shell would be slightly
warmer than the ice on top, due to heating from both the
ocean below and the crushing pressure of the miles - thick ice above.
If the heat is weaker (right), Europa might have a thick
layer of
warm ice atop its
ocean.
Along one string of sites, or «stations,» that stretches from Antarctica to the southern Indian
Ocean, researchers have tracked the conditions of AABW — a layer of profoundly cold water less than 0 °C (it stays liquid because of its salt content, or salinity) that moves through the abyssal ocean, mixing with warmer waters as it circulates around the globe in the Southern Ocean and northward into all three of the major ocean ba
Ocean, researchers have tracked the conditions of AABW — a
layer of profoundly cold water less than 0 °C (it stays liquid because of its salt content, or salinity) that moves through the abyssal
ocean, mixing with warmer waters as it circulates around the globe in the Southern Ocean and northward into all three of the major ocean ba
ocean, mixing with
warmer waters as it circulates around the globe in the Southern
Ocean and northward into all three of the major ocean ba
Ocean and northward into all three of the major
ocean ba
ocean basins.
Essentially, the researchers found that deeper
warm water is increasingly mixing with the cool
layer of water that traditionally lies atop the eastern part of the Arctic
Ocean.
Because the vast plateau at such altitudes absorbs a huge amount of solar radiation, the atmospheric
layer above it in summer is much
warmer than air at similar elevations over lower land or the
oceans.
At one time the Arctic
Ocean was covered with substantially more ice and experienced very little mixing of
warm and cool
layers of water.
That means it sinks into the deeper
layers of the
ocean, and the contrast between this
warm water and the undersea ice canyons contributes an unknown but substantial amount of sea level rise, said Josh Willis, an oceanographer at JPL in Pasadena, California.
For decades, research on climate variations in the Atlantic has focused almost exclusively on the role of
ocean circulation as the main driver, specifically the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, which carries
warm water north in the upper
layers of the
ocean and cold water south in lower
layers like a large conveyor belt.
This
warm air
layer gets its heat reflected downwards during cloudy periods, especially during long night extensive cloudy periods, as a result, Arctic
ocean ice doesn't thicken so much during darkness and leaves it up to summer sunlight (if there is some) to finish off what is left of it.
Regional trends are notoriously problematic for models, and seems more likely to me that the underprediction of European
warming has to do with either the modeled
ocean temperature pattern, the modelled atmospheric response to this pattern, or some problem related to the local hydrological cycle and boundary
layer moisture dynamics.
One, which the authors themselves note, is that the
warming of the Arctic
Ocean that is already happening could trap nutrients in deeper, cooler
layers that would make them less available to feed algae blooms.
Bacteria, however, have remained Earth's most successful form of life — found miles deep below as well as within and on surface rock, within and beneath the
oceans and polar ice, floating in the air, and within as well as on Homo sapiens sapiens; and some Arctic thermophiles apparently even have life - cycle hibernation periods of up to a 100 million years while waiting for
warmer conditions underneath increasing
layers of sea sediments (Lewis Dartnell, New Scientist, September 20, 2010; and Hubert et al, 2010).
«The reason for the
layering is that global
warming in parts of Antarctica is causing land - based ice to melt, adding massive amounts of freshwater to the
ocean surface,» said ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate System Science researcher Prof Matthew England an author of the paper.
When greenhouse gases increase, more longwave radiation is directed back at the
ocean surface, which
warms the cool - skin
layer, lowers the thermal gradient, and consequently reduces the rate of heat loss.
Future research topics may explore how the distribution of
ocean barrier
layers around the world may affect storms in a
warmer world.
The thermal gradient through this
layer dictates the rate of heat loss from the (typically)
warmer ocean surface, to the cooler atmosphere above.
The research published in Nature Communications found that in the past, when
ocean temperatures around Antarctica became more
layered - with a
warm layer of water below a cold surface
layer - ice sheets and glaciers melted much faster than when the cool and
warm layers mixed more easily.
We assess the heat content change from both of the long time series (0 to 700 m
layer and the 1961 to 2003 period) to be 8.11 ± 0.74 × 1022 J, corresponding to an average
warming of 0.1 °C or 0.14 ± 0.04 W m — 2, and conclude that the available heat content estimates from 1961 to 2003 show a significant increasing trend in
ocean heat content.
A subsequent study by Balmaseda, Trenberth, and Källén (2013) determined that over the past decade, approximately 30 % of
ocean warming has occurred in the deeper
layers, below 700 meters.
This little ODE also points out what was so troubling about the recent measurement of mid
layer warming in the
ocean.
Sunlight penetrating the surface of the
oceans is responsible for
warming of the surface
layers.
So the mechanism should cause a decline in skin temperature gradients with increased cloud cover (more downward heat radiation), and there should also be a decline in the difference between cool skin
layer and
ocean bulk temperatures - as less heat escapes the
ocean under increased atmospheric
warming.
Increased
warming of the cool skin
layer (via increased greenhouse gases) lowers its temperature gradient (that is the temperature difference between the top and bottom of the
layer), and this reduces the rate at which heat flows out of the
ocean to the atmosphere.
As I understand this article, the decrease in temp gradient in the cool skin
layer is what allows increases in atmospheric CO2 concentrations to further
warm the
oceans.
Kevin, even with greater evaporation, when one considers all the energy fluxes into and out of the
ocean cool skin
layer, as long as the change in net energy flux causes the cool skin to
warm, the temperature gradient between the cool skin
layer and the bulk
ocean below it will decrease.
Despite being only 0.1 to 1 mm thick on average, this skin
layer is the major player in the long - term
warming of the
oceans.
Figure 3 - Schematic showing the upper
ocean temperature profiles during the (A) nighttime or well mixed daytime and (B) daytime during conditions conducive to the formation of a diurnal
warm layer.
The same concept applies to the cool skin
layer -
warm the top of the
layer and the gradient across it decreases, therefore reducing heat flowing out of the
ocean.
ENSO events, for example, can
warm or cool
ocean surface temperatures through exchange of heat between the surface and the reservoir stored beneath the oceanic mixed
layer, and by changing the distribution and extent of cloud cover (which influences the radiative balance in the lower atmosphere).
Adding further greenhouse gases to the atmosphere
warms the
ocean cool skin
layer, which in turn reduces the amount of heat flowing out of the
ocean.
In the
oceans,
warmer weather is driving stronger winds that are exposing deeper
layers of water, which are already saturated with carbon and not as able to absorb as much from the atmosphere.
It was amazing to be in the crisp
ocean air for a few hours, and a great excuse to
layer up in a combination of a wool coat and tall boots, that tends to be too
warm for San Francisco.
The area is annually affected by a marine
layer caused by the cool air of the Pacific
Ocean meeting the
warm air over the land.
Some heat is being transferred to the deeper
ocean by wind changes, reducing the rate of increase in the upper
layer, which reduces the
warming rate on land.
This
warm air
layer gets its heat reflected downwards during cloudy periods, especially during long night extensive cloudy periods, as a result, Arctic
ocean ice doesn't thicken so much during darkness and leaves it up to summer sunlight (if there is some) to finish off what is left of it.
I think the part about differential
warming of different
layers of the
ocean to be particularly clear and useful.
ENSO events, for example, can
warm or cool
ocean surface temperatures through exchange of heat between the surface and the reservoir stored beneath the oceanic mixed
layer, and by changing the distribution and extent of cloud cover (which influences the radiative balance in the lower atmosphere).
Their argument goes like this: It is not possible that
warming of the deep
ocean accelerates at the same time as
warming of the upper
ocean slows down, because the heat must pass through the upper
layer to reach the depths.
After all, most of the excess energy from any radiation imbalance will wind up in the
oceans, and the top
layers are undoubtedly getting
warmer.