Sentences with phrase «warming of the surface layers»

Sunlight penetrating the surface of the oceans is responsible for warming of the surface layers.

The warming of the surface layer keeps this water less dense, so it stays afloat.

Not exact matches

The goal is to melt the very thin outer layer of jello, by warming the surface of the mold.

This is accomplished with a powerful blast of warm air that quickly breaks up the layer of surface water on a userâ $ ™ s hands for quick removal and evaporation.

MAVEN arrived at Mars in Sept. 2014 on a mission to investigate a planetary mystery: Billions of years ago, Mars was blanketed by layer of air massive enough to warm the planet and allow liquid water to flow on its surface.

Under certain conditions, the warm water of the lower layer can reach the surface and melt the ice.

Future wet suits with surface textures like the thick fur of otters that trap insulating air layers could keep tomorrow's divers warmer in icy waters.

The results show that even though there has been a slowdown in the warming of the global average temperatures on the surface of Earth, the warming has continued strongly throughout the troposphere except for a very thin layer at around 14 - 15 km above the surface of Earth where it has warmed slightly less.

A warm summer can remove enough snow to allow several years of impurities to concentrate at the surface as surrounding snow layers disappear.

The uppermost layer — the lithosphere, divided into tectonic plates — is a rind of cool, rigid rock some 200 miles thick that slides slowly across the surface of the asthenosphere, the warmer, weaker roughly 100 - mile - thick layer below.

The wind keeps a layer of warm water near the surface in Indonesia, reducing the temperature difference across the Indian Ocean and so minimising the strength of positive IOD events.

We live on the planet's cold surface, but Earth is a solid body and the surface is continually deformed, split, wrinkled and ruptured by the roiling of warmer layers beneath it.

One intriguing possibility: If fluid water does persist on Mars, life that might have thrived there millions of years ago, when the climate was warmer and wetter, could be hanging on in thin layers of salty water just beneath the surface.

Researchers were surprised to find a 7,700 - square - mile piece (about the size of Wales) missing, but they theorized that it had moved over warmer ice layers until it collided with another plate and was forced beneath the surface, out of view.

Understanding how layers of air insulate the surface of glaciers, for example, is vital to making accurate estimates of how fast they will melt — and sea levels will rise — as the Earth warms under its blanket of greenhouse gases.

Furthermore, a deeper upper layer of warm surface water may weaken the cold tongue if the Ekman pumping doesn't reach down below the thermocline to bring up colder water, and weakened trade winds would have a similar effect through reduced Ekman pumping near the equator.

Bacteria, however, have remained Earth's most successful form of life — found miles deep below as well as within and on surface rock, within and beneath the oceans and polar ice, floating in the air, and within as well as on Homo sapiens sapiens; and some Arctic thermophiles apparently even have life - cycle hibernation periods of up to a 100 million years while waiting for warmer conditions underneath increasing layers of sea sediments (Lewis Dartnell, New Scientist, September 20, 2010; and Hubert et al, 2010).

Note that Ekman pumping does not penetrate deep into the oceanic interior, but since the trades advect the surface waters westward, the upper layer of warm sea water is deeper in the west than in the east.

«The reason for the layering is that global warming in parts of Antarctica is causing land - based ice to melt, adding massive amounts of freshwater to the ocean surface,» said ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate System Science researcher Prof Matthew England an author of the paper.

When greenhouse gases increase, more longwave radiation is directed back at the ocean surface, which warms the cool - skin layer, lowers the thermal gradient, and consequently reduces the rate of heat loss.

The thermal gradient through this layer dictates the rate of heat loss from the (typically) warmer ocean surface, to the cooler atmosphere above.

The research published in Nature Communications found that in the past, when ocean temperatures around Antarctica became more layered - with a warm layer of water below a cold surface layer - ice sheets and glaciers melted much faster than when the cool and warm layers mixed more easily.

«Data collected by satellites and balloon - borne instruments since 1979 indicate little if any warming of the low - to mid - troposphere — the atmospheric layer extending up to about 5 miles from the Earth's surface.

Although these two lines have not yet been observed in a brown dwarf disk in the sub-mm, they are useful tracers of warm surface - layer gas and disk ionization.

If the recent intensification of the cool spot were caused by a recent AMOC slowdown you would expect to see warming of intermediate waters under a cool fresh water surface layer.

For example, if global warming were due to increased solar output, we would expect to see all layers of the atmosphere warm, and more warming during the day when the surface is bombarded with solar radiation than at night.

The penetration of LWIR into water is immaterial, as by warming the surface, one also warms whatever water the surface layer then mixes with.

In the East Pacific, the warm surface waters are a very shallow layer on top of the deep cold waters.

ENSO events, for example, can warm or cool ocean surface temperatures through exchange of heat between the surface and the reservoir stored beneath the oceanic mixed layer, and by changing the distribution and extent of cloud cover (which influences the radiative balance in the lower atmosphere).

The inversion itself is usually initiated by the cooling effect of the water on the surface layer of an otherwise warm air mass.

Urdarianu uses a muted palette, with warm - colored backgrounds visible through a series of light - colored surface layers conveying the sense that time has passed over the canvas.

The paintings in this series are produced using the classical oil painting methods and materials of the Old Masters — successive layers of warm and cool black pigment glazes varnished to a highly reflective surface resulting in a profoundly deep pictorial space.

Matte and glossy blacks appear in wide strokes and in fine, delicate lines across crisp whites, warm yellows, and cool blues, creating a complex web of layers that seem to reach further and further beyond the surface field.

«Data collected by satellites and balloon - borne instruments since 1979 indicate little if any warming of the low - to mid - troposphere — the atmospheric layer extending up to about 5 miles from the Earth's surface.

ENSO events, for example, can warm or cool ocean surface temperatures through exchange of heat between the surface and the reservoir stored beneath the oceanic mixed layer, and by changing the distribution and extent of cloud cover (which influences the radiative balance in the lower atmosphere).

The increase in water vapour as the surface warms is key, but so might be changes in boundary layer stability, rossby wave generation via longitudinally varying responses at the surface, impacts of the stratopshere on the steering of the jet, and the situation is completely different again for tropical storms.

As a result all layers warm with the amount of warming increasing as you move towards the surface.

«Somewhat counter-intuitively, a land — sea surface warming ratio greater than unity during transient climate change is actually not mainly a result of the differing thermal inertias of land and ocean, but primarily originates in the differing properties of the surface and boundary layer (henceforth BL) over land and ocean (Manabe et al. 1991; Sutton et al. 2007; Joshi et al. 2008 (henceforth JGW08), Dong et al. 2009) as well as differing cloud feedbacks (Fasullo 2010; Andrews et al. 2010).»

The problem here is that estimates of changes in sea surface temperature and the depth of the warm mixed layer might be very unreliable, since the general behavior of the Atlantic circulation is only now being directly observed — and the most recent findings are that flow rates vary over a whole order of magnitude:

Note that Ekman pumping does not penetrate deep into the oceanic interior, but since the trades advect the surface waters westward, the upper layer of warm sea water is deeper in the west than in the east.

Changes here have a long term effect, affecting the strength of the north - ward horizontal flow of the Atlantic's upper warm layer, thereby altering the oceanic poleward heat transport and the distribution of sea surface temperature (SST — AMO), the presumed source of the (climate) natural variability.

/ / ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/(Gh)/guides/mtr/cld/prcp/zr/frz.rxml Also seeNOAA «Freezing rain will occur if the warm layer in the atmosphere is deep with only a shallow layer of below freezing air at the surface.

Ocean serves as the memory whereby slow oceanic Rossby waves and Kelvin waves propagate through the basin and affect the depth of the oceanic surface layer of warm water.

'» This argument cuts both ways: The media could point out that ice storms are the result of a warm front overriding a thin layer of colder surface air.

Another example would be the data showing some expected warming in the surface / mid layers of the oceans as reported by Levitus et.

On the global warming context, it's worth noting that while sea surface temperatures are hot, a more important factor for hurricane intensification (among many) is «tropical cyclone heat potential» (which includes the temperature of deeper layers of seawater that get churned up as a tropical storm passes).

Furthermore, a deeper upper layer of warm surface water may weaken the cold tongue if the Ekman pumping doesn't reach down below the thermocline to bring up colder water, and weakened trade winds would have a similar effect through reduced Ekman pumping near the equator.

The surface heat capacity C (j = 0) was set to the equivalent of a global layer of water 50 m deep (which would be a layer ~ 70 m thick over the oceans) plus 70 % of the atmosphere, the latent heat of vaporization corresponding to a 20 % increase in water vapor per 3 K warming (linearized for current conditions), and a little land surface; expressed as W * yr per m ^ 2 * K (a convenient unit), I got about 7.093.

Changes in convection and cloud formations through altered air moisture (CAPE) could have implications for the coupled mode mechanisms, as would a deeper thermocline (usually situated near the bottom of the warm surface layer).

Normally, a hurricane sucks up cold water from deeper layers, cooling the sea surface and weakening the hurricane, but in the case of deep warm water layers, the hurricane intensifies because it is sucking up warm water.