The floods have been triggered by the weather event known as El Nino,
a warming of surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean that wreaks havoc on weather patterns every few years.
Of these forcings, the only non-human-induced forcing that produces
warming of the surface temperature is the estimated long - term increase by 0.3 W / m2 of solar irradiance since 1750.
Whereas this phenomena has been principally related to a natural extreme event, its impacts may very well forebode the impact that a projected
warming of surface temperatures could have by the end of the 21st Century due to greenhouse gas increases.
Then to go a bit further it would be even more useful if we could examine how the GHG warming was eliciting
the warming of the surface temperature.
The warming of surface temperature that has taken place during the past 20 years is undoubtedly real, and it is at a rate substantially larger than the average warming during the twentieth century.
They justify this argument by inviting us to look at the short - term view, in particular the short - term trend in
the warming of surface temperatures.
Having screamed about
the warming of the surface temperature record for the last 30 years, suddenly it's not what matters any more.
To me this implies
warming of surface temperatures.
El Niño is the name that climatologists give to
warming of the surface temperatures in the tropical Pacific Ocean.
El Nino, characterized by
a warming of surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean, can trigger floods in some places and droughts in others.
Percent change in zonally - averaged cloud cover over the oceans as a function of latitude and height in response to an instantaneous quadrupling of CO2, decomposed into two parts: (a) a fast adjustment that occurs before surface temperatures have warmed appreciably, and (b) a part that scales linearly with
the warming of surface temperature as the system adjusts to the increase in CO2.
In earlier studies, planting trees in the boreal forest regions (found mostly in the upper half of the Northern Hemisphere) caused
a warming of surface temperatures.
Not exact matches
According to a big chunk
of ocean
surface temperature recorded by boat, the oceans were not
warming nearly as quickly as the rest
of the planet.
Spencer analyzed 90 climate models against
surface temperature and satellite
temperature data, and found that more than 95 percent
of the models «have over-forecast the
warming trend since 1979, whether we use their own
surface temperature dataset (HadCRUT4), or our satellite dataset
of lower tropospheric
temperatures (UAH).»
Warm sea
surface temperature anomalies persist off to W and SW
of San Diego, but are smaller than in previous weeks over the past month.
• clean and sterilise all feeding parts before each use • do not use abrasive cleaning agents or anti-bacterial cleaners with bottles and teats • wash your hands thoroughly and ensure
surfaces are clean before handling sterilised components • for inspection
of the teat, pull it in each direction • place the teat in boiling water for 5 minutes before first use to ensure hygiene • throw away bottle and teats at the first sight
of damage, weakness or scratching • replace teats and spouts after 3 months use • do not
warm milk in a microwave as this may cause uneven heating and could scald your baby • always check the milk
temperature before feeding • make sure that the bottles are not over-tightened • do not allow your baby to play with small parts or run or walk while feeding
Most scientists and climatologists agree that weird weather is at least in part the result
of global
warming — a steady increase in the average
temperature of the
surface of the Earth thought to be caused by increased concentrations
of greenhouse gasses produced by human activity.
In Martian summer, the combination
of warm temperatures and a thin atmosphere make any liquid water on the
surface boil, which can let dust hover across the ground
This cycle coincides with the natural rise and fall
of sea
surface temperatures in the North Atlantic, which fluctuate roughly 0.2 degree Celsius every 60 years as
warm currents shift.
Those weather patterns are linked to
warmer surface temperatures in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans, respectively, and correlated with the timing
of observed floods on the lower Mississippi.
The drones can't come too soon for scientists who study the El Niño — Southern Oscillation, a set
of shifting global
temperature and rainfall patterns triggered by
warm surface waters that slosh back and forth across the equatorial Pacific every few years.
Higher sea
surface temperatures led to a huge patch
of warm water, dubbed «The Blob,» that appeared in the northern Pacific Ocean more than two years ago.
The most important
of these was an apparent mismatch between the instrumental
surface temperature record (which showed significant
warming over recent decades, consistent with a human impact) and the balloon and satellite atmospheric records (which showed little
of the expected
warming).
The finding surprised the University
of Arizona - led research team, because the sparse instrumental records for sea
surface temperature for that part
of the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean did not show
warming.
You need
warm sea -
surface temperatures, an environment
of low wind shear, high humidity — and those are just a few
of the conditions.
«We expected the storm would definitely get stronger because
of much
warmer sea
surface temperature,» Lau said.
First, sea -
surface temperatures in the Gulf
of Mexico have been higher than normal in the past couple
of months, due to global
warming, which means the air that flowed north would have been
warmer to start with.
The research, an analysis
of sea salt sodium levels in mountain ice cores, finds that
warming sea
surface temperatures in the tropical Pacific Ocean have intensified the Aleutian Low pressure system that drives storm activity in the North Pacific.
The climatic change at issue is known as the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), a periodic cycle
of warming and cooling
of surface temperatures in the North Atlantic.
The analysis is based on the fact that as the world
warmed following the coldest part
of the last ice age 20,000 years ago, the ice deep inside the Antarctic glaciers
warmed more slowly than Earth's
surface, just as a frozen turkey put into a hot oven will still be cold inside even after the
surface has reached oven
temperature.
So this effect could either be the result
of natural variability in Earth's climate, or yet another effect
of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases like water vapor trapping more heat and thus
warming sea -
surface temperatures.
The results show that even though there has been a slowdown in the
warming of the global average
temperatures on the
surface of Earth, the
warming has continued strongly throughout the troposphere except for a very thin layer at around 14 - 15 km above the
surface of Earth where it has
warmed slightly less.
Though there were no
temperature sensors on the leg, he says the
surface of the ice patch was
warmed by direct sunlight, whereas the lander leg was in shadow.
Studies
of historical records in India suggest that reduced monsoon rainfall in central India has occurred when the sea
surface temperatures in specific regions
of the Pacific Ocean were
warmer than normal.
A rather straightforward calculation showed that doubling the level
of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere... which would arrive in the late 21st century if no steps were taken to curb emissions... should raise the
temperature of the
surface roughly one degree C. However, a
warmer atmosphere would hold more water vapor, which ought to cause another degree or so
of warming.
In June 2015, NOAA researchers led by Thomas Karl published a paper in the journal Science comparing the new and previous NOAA sea
surface temperature datasets, finding that the rate
of global
warming since 2000 had been underestimated and there was no so - called «hiatus» in
warming in the first fifteen years
of the 21st century.
Independent measurements
of sea
surface temperatures in the last two decades support a recent government analysis that found an increase in sea
surface warming, according to a new study in the 4 January issue
of the journal Science Advances.
The future
of the currents, whether slowing, stopping or reversing (as was observed during several months measurements), could have a profound effect on regional weather patterns — from colder winters in Europe to a much
warmer Caribbean (and hence
warmer sea
surface temperatures to feed hurricanes).
Their results suggest a drop
of as much as 10 degrees for fresh water during the
warm season and 6 degrees for the atmosphere in the North Atlantic, giving further evidence that the concentration
of atmospheric carbon dioxide and Earth's
surface temperature are inextricably linked.
All but one
of the main trackers
of global
surface temperature are now passing more than 1 °C
of warming relative to the second half
of the 19th century, according to an exclusive analysis done for New Scientist.
«With
warmer sea
surface temperatures beneath the cloud, the coalescence process that produces precipitation becomes more efficient,» team member Richard S. Lindsen
of M.I.T. explains.
Analyzing data collected over a 20 - month period, scientists from NASA's Goddard Space Flight center in Greenbelt, Md., and the Massachusetts Institute
of Technology found that the number
of cirrus clouds above the Pacific Ocean declines with
warmer sea
surface temperatures.
At the same time, the El Niño event brought
warmer sea -
surface temperatures, which have been shown to correlate with outbreaks
of mosquito - transmitted diseases.
As
of March 2013,
surface waters
of the tropical north Atlantic Ocean remained
warmer than average, while Pacific Ocean
temperatures declined from a peak in late fall.
The deceleration in rising
temperatures during this 15 - year period is sometimes referred to as a «pause» or «hiatus» in global
warming, and has raised questions about why the rate
of surface warming on Earth has been markedly slower than in previous decades.
Warmer than average
temperatures were evident over most
of the global land
surface, except for parts
of western Europe, northern Siberia, parts
of eastern Asia and much
of central Australia stretching north.
Pielke, who said one issue ignored in the paper is that land
surface temperature measurements over time show bigger
warming trends than measurements from higher up in a part
of the atmosphere called the lower troposphere, and that still needs more explanation.
In the latter half
of the decade, La Niña conditions persisted in the eastern and central tropical Pacific, keeping global
surface temperatures about 0.1 degree C colder than average — a small effect compared with long - term global
warming but a substantial one over a decade.
The wind keeps a layer
of warm water near the
surface in Indonesia, reducing the
temperature difference across the Indian Ocean and so minimising the strength
of positive IOD events.
Experiments carried out in the OU Mars Simulation Chamber — specialised equipment, which is able to simulate the atmospheric conditions on Mars — reveal that Mars» thin atmosphere (about 7 mbar — compared to 1,000 mbar on Earth) combined with periods
of relatively
warm surface temperatures causes water flowing on the
surface to violently boil.