Raypierre's climate book in Chapter 5 gives a good overview of scattering, particularly Rayleigh and Mie scattering which help explain things why aerosols scatter light, why the sky appears blue, why CO2 clouds (say on ancient Mars) can scatter infrared radiation good but
water clouds on Earth don't have that effect, etc..
Not exact matches
While exhorting us to contemplate nature, the Qur» an says, «In the creation of skies and the earth, the difference between night and day, the ships which run at sea carrying that which is useful for mankind, the rain
water which Allah sends down from the sky to revive the earth after its death, and to spread animals
on it, and the arrangement of winds and
clouds between sky and earth, in all those things there are evidences (for the existence of God) for those who make use of their brains» (Surah II, 164).
On their replying that Allah and His Messenger knew best, he said, «These are the
clouds (anan), these are the
water - carriers of the Earth, which Allah drives to people who do not thank Him or call upon him.»
We sail
on to the great aerial oceans that were once thought to be above the
clouds as
waters above the heavens.
Yes now she can babble mindlessly about talking snakes, talking fiery bushes, big boats that held 250,000 species of beetle along with wooly mammoths and snow leopards, guys that floated into the
clouds in front of everyone (yet somehow the Jews and Arabs still just don't buy that he was the saviour), parted
water / wine to
water / walking
on water / healing
water, food from the sky....
As ancient man surveyed his world, he found himself surrounded
on all sides with movement and change, not only in fellow - humans, animals and birds, but in running
water, scudding
clouds, heavenly bodies traveling across the sky, rising dust - storms, the occasionally quaking earth and the vegetation which sprang up, flowered, fruited and died.
The kids then use pipettes to drip liquid
water color onto the
clouds until it eventually works it's way through and begins to «rain»
on the underside in fabulous rainbow - y swirls.
The local council's priority project this year included a focus
on providing employers with
on - demand access to advanced
cloud computing resources, modernizing
water infrastructure to help industrial businesses improve efficiency, and creating jobs through expanding the region's manufacturing industry.
Here
on Earth, our storm
clouds are made of charged
water droplets and hailstones.
Within these
clouds,
on the surfaces of tiny dust grains, hydrogen atoms link with oxygen to form
water.
«This imaging was part of an experiment checking the opacity of the atmosphere at night in Curiosity's location
on Mars, where
water - ice
clouds and hazes develop during this season,» said camera team member Mark Lemmon of Texas A&M University, College Station.
There are gale - force winds whipping about the planet, its smoglike
clouds are composed of droplets of sulfuric acid (rather than
water) and, contrary to previous belief, there is lightning
on Venus.
There's no true surface
on Neptune, since its atmosphere gradually merges with the
water, but a trip above the
clouds will afford you a gorgeous glimpse of the planet's six rings and 13 moons.
That
water vapor rose within «rocket dust storms» — storms with rapid vertical movement —
on convection currents similar to those in some storm
clouds on Earth, says study coauthor Nicholas Heavens, an astronomer at Hampton University in Virginia.
IN THE
CLOUDS Many of the water droplets that make up clouds get a size boost from carbon - containing molecules that assemble on the droplets» exterior, new research sug
CLOUDS Many of the
water droplets that make up
clouds get a size boost from carbon - containing molecules that assemble on the droplets» exterior, new research sug
clouds get a size boost from carbon - containing molecules that assemble
on the droplets» exterior, new research suggests.
The Michigan Tech chamber works differently due to
cloud mixing between a hot and cold surface, the same process that forms
clouds or fog over a lake
on fall days when the
water temperature is warmer than the air temperature.
The Michigan Tech chamber creates
clouds through
cloud mixing between a hot and cold surface — the same process that forms fog over Portage Lake
on fall days when the
water temperature is warmer than the air temperature.
Previous observations of the brown dwarf, published in 2014, provided tentative indications of
water clouds based
on very limited photometric data.
The conclusion that limiting CO2 below 450 ppm will prevent warming beyond two degrees C is based
on a conservative definition of climate sensitivity that considers only the so - called fast feedbacks in the climate system, such as changes in
clouds,
water vapor and melting sea ice.
Cloudy, humid days reverse the cooling from both radiation and sublimation —
cloud cover prevents snow from emitting energy, and condensation of
water vapor
on the snow releases latent heat, warming the snow.
The theory of dangerous climate change is based not just
on carbon dioxide warming but
on positive and negative feedback effects from
water vapor and phenomena such as
clouds and airborne aerosols from coal burning.
Effects of plasma channels
on ice formation or precipitation processes could not be proved in typical storm
clouds, where ice crystals and subcooled
water droplets coexist.
South Bend, Ind., avoided $ 120 million in upgrades and conserved millions of gallons of
water by becoming one of the first cities
on the globe to use
cloud computing to manage its
water systems.
In addition, he says, since CFCs are not particularly soluble in
water, they would not be present in
cloud - born ice particles in very high concentrations, so the mechanism Lu and Sanche propose would not dissociate enough CFCs to have a big impact
on ozone levels.
The presence of these particles helps to seed
clouds by providing sites
on which
water droplets can condense, but very small particles, the scientists found, actually decrease the precipitating efficiency of
clouds, meaning it rains less.
As a result of atmospheric patterns that both warmed the air and reduced
cloud cover as well as increased residual heat in newly exposed ocean
waters, such melting helped open the fabled Northwest Passage for the first time [see photo] this summer and presaged tough times for polar bears and other Arctic animals that rely
on sea ice to survive, according to the U.S. Geological Survey.
The
water vapor contained in the jet exhaust condenses and may freeze, and this mixing process forms a
cloud very similar to the one your hot breath makes
on a cold day.
Large uncertainties do primarily exist regarding the growth of newly formed particles towards
cloud nuclei
on which
water condenses, thus initiating the formation of
clouds.
The «factors» are natural phenomena such as
water vapor,
clouds, sea ice, dust and vegetation — all of which exert varying pulls
on the climate.
Methane
on Titan plays the role of
water on Earth, complete with liquid surface reservoirs,
clouds and rain — a full - fledged methalogical cycle.
At first, the gas and dust
cloud is extremely cold and simple molecules such as carbon monoxide and
water settle
on the grains of dust and solidify into ice.
First noticed by amateur astronomers, the massive storm works like the much smaller convective events
on Earth, where air and
water vapor are pushed high into the atmosphere, resulting in the towering, billowing
clouds of a thunderstorm.
«Maybe others might be inspired and look at the geochemistry or atmospheric chemistry implications, such as how these
water cluster structures
on atmospheric dust nanoparticles could affect
cloud formation, rain and acid rain,» Mavrikakis says.
In any case it seems at best optimistic to pin hopes
on negative convective
cloud feedback, because getting
clouds takes
water vapor, and the
water vapor feedback is unambiguously positive — unless you're an adaptive iris adherent.
Qian pointed to a Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences report last year
on haze, or «atmospheric brown
clouds,» in South Asia that implicated air pollution in disrupting the
water cycle.
When its temperature drops below the condensation temperature of a condensable gas, that gas condenses out and forms
clouds, just like
water on Earth.
Of particular interest is a bright pit
on the floor of crater Occator that exhibits probable sublimation of
water ice, producing haze
clouds inside the crater that appear and disappear with a diurnal rhythm.
On July 11, 2007, astronomers announced that the presence of
water molecules that are too hot to condense into
clouds were detected in the planet's atmosphere (Spitzer press release and Tinetti et al, 2007 — more below).
The small amount of heat released when
water vapor condenses
on ice crystals in Arctic
clouds, which contain both
water and ice, determines the
cloud's survival, according to scientists from Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and Environment Canada.
«Particles in Venus» lower
clouds contain sufficient mass balance to harbor microorganisms,
water, and solutes, and potentially sufficient biomass to be detected by optical methods,» the researchers wrote in their study, which was published
on March 30.
«This imaging was part of an experiment checking the opacity of the atmosphere at night in Curiosity's location
on Mars, where
water - ice
clouds and hazes develop during this season,» Mark Lemmon of Texas A&M University and a member of the camera team, said in a statement.
When the CLIMAP data proved to be wrong, and was replaced by more reliable estimates showing a substantial tropical surface temperature drop, Lindzen had to abandon his then - current model and move
on to other forms of mischief (first the «cumulus drying» negative
water vapor feedback mechanism, since abandoned, and now the «Iris» effect
cloud feedback mechanism).
Scientists at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory showed that global climate models are not accurately depicting the true depth and strength of tropical
clouds that have a strong hold
on the general circulation of atmospheric heat and the global
water balance.
A 2015 USDA report (Brown et al. 2015)
on how climate affects agriculture delineates the sensitivities of specialty crops to many climate components (e.g., temperatures, atmospheric CO2 levels,
water supply,
cloud and light conditions, high winds and other extreme conditions).
MARCI images will be used to document the weather
on Mars by observing the comings and goings of dust storms, polar frost, and
clouds of
water vapor,
water ice, and carbon dioxide crystals.
The methane in Titan's atmosphere has a similar cycle to
water on Earth; it evaporates into the atmosphere from the large lakes, condenses as
clouds and falls as methane rain
on Titan's hydrocarbon - rich landscape, creating rivers and sculpting valleys.
--
On the other hand, water evaporation on leaves cool them, but vapour takes the heat with itself... until cloud formation: a complex energy cycl
On the other hand,
water evaporation
on leaves cool them, but vapour takes the heat with itself... until cloud formation: a complex energy cycl
on leaves cool them, but vapour takes the heat with itself... until
cloud formation: a complex energy cycle.
Based
on the available data, the astronomers concluded that the planet's atmosphere is either a thin but dense layer rich in
water steam or a thick layer of high
clouds or hazes, similar to those seen in the atmospheres of Venus and Titan in the Solar System.
Meanwhile, a different physical process in the comet's smooth mid-section was causing
water ice to vaporize and flow through porous material to escape as a
cloud of
water vapor at the same time (NASA news release, and page
on «fluffy snowballs;» David Shiga, New Scientist, November 18, 2010; and Astronomy Picture of the Day).
There is a clear impact
on global temperature, too, though the mechanisms are complex: heat released from the oceans; increases in
water vapor, which enhance the greenhouse effect, and redistributions of
clouds.