In winter, you can see that the water is generally uniform in temperature throughout
the water column due to heavy mixing.
Not exact matches
The increase in disc height was
due to restoration in the transplant group of the nucleus pulposus structure, which refers to the jelly - like substance in the disc, and an increased amount of
water content, which is critical for the appropriate function of the disc as a cushion for the spinal
column, the researchers concluded.
%
due to eruption 9.5 % (assuming the average thickness of melted ice was 1 meter, and not allowing for any of the heat being lost to warming the 4 km thick sea
water column, or air, or evaporation)
According to Chen ea., the difference is not
due to changes in clear sky radiation (too small, which may point to small differences in
water vapour
column), but in cloud cover.
In any case, heat releases from the Arctic sea floor do not get higher up in the
water column than, typically, ~ 500-1000 m from the ocean floor
due to constantly mixing with ambient
water on its way up (so - called entrainment).
Japan pioneered wave energy in the 1970 / 80s, with a floating «Mighty Whale» Oscillating
Water Column system and some harbour wall / breakwater OWCs, but did not follow it up, in part
due to its economic crisis.
In order of seniority, the seven feedbacks that seem outstanding are:
Water vapour — rising by ~ 7 % per 1.0 C of warming; Albedo loss — due mostly to cryosphere decline; Microbial peat - bog decay — due to rising CO2 affecting ecological dynamics; Desiccation of tropical and temperate soils — due to SAT rise and droughts; Permafrost melt — due to SAT rise plus loss of snow cover, etc; Forest combustion — due to SAT rise, droughts, pest responses, etc; Methyl clathrates [aka methane hydrates] now threatened by rising sea - temperatures, increased water column mixing,
Water vapour — rising by ~ 7 % per 1.0 C of warming; Albedo loss —
due mostly to cryosphere decline; Microbial peat - bog decay —
due to rising CO2 affecting ecological dynamics; Desiccation of tropical and temperate soils —
due to SAT rise and droughts; Permafrost melt —
due to SAT rise plus loss of snow cover, etc; Forest combustion —
due to SAT rise, droughts, pest responses, etc; Methyl clathrates [aka methane hydrates] now threatened by rising sea - temperatures, increased
water column mixing,
water column mixing, etc..
The Arctic Ocean may be a special case, because of the shallower stability zone
due to the colder
water column, and because warming is expected to be more intense in high latitudes.
As I read for example Bony et al. 2006, Soden and Held 2006, there are in the IPCC dogma four «feedbacks»: increased atmospheric optical thickness
due to increased
water vapour
column amount
due to sustained relative humidity; cloud radiative effects; albedo effects; lapse rate effects.