Sentences with phrase «water ice particles»

Not exact matches

Says Jordan, «We used the CRaTER measurements to get a handle on how much molecular hydrogen has been formed from the water ice via charged particles.»

They have explained how energetic particles penetrating lunar soil can create molecular hydrogen from water ice.

The study notes that narrowing down that percent range requires particle accelerator experiments on water ice to more accurately gauge the number of chemical reactions that result per unit of energy deposited by cosmic rays and solar energetic particles.

Water droplets and ice crystals in the atmosphere condensed on the infusion of dust particles and settled into pouch - like formations due to wind currents.

As it neared its end, Cassini also made close study of Saturn's rings, which are largely made up of water ice — including, for the first time, the capture of a few stray, submicron particles.

This is called alpenglow, and it happens because the sunlight reflects downward off snow, water, or ice particles low in the atmosphere.

These particles can build up electric charges faster than the soil can dissipate them and may cause sparking, particularly in the polar cold of permanently shadowed regions — unique lunar sites as cold as minus 240 degrees Celsius and known to contain water ice.

They had assumed that atmospheric water vapor had seeped into high - latitude martian soil and frozen between soil particles, forming a half - ice, half - soil mixture.

YOUTHFUL COMPANIONS Saturn's rings consist of water - ice particles — typically ranging in size from a few inches to many feet — that continually gather into clumps and drift apart again.

By analyzing this data over the following six months, the researchers found that clouds that grew at the lowest temperatures required extremely high relative humidity in order for water vapor to form an ice crystal around a dust particle.

Once those silver iodide particles make their way into a ripe cloud, they collide with drops of supercooled water and form ice; the ice then falls to the ground, melting along the way.

In addition, he says, since CFCs are not particularly soluble in water, they would not be present in cloud - born ice particles in very high concentrations, so the mechanism Lu and Sanche propose would not dissociate enough CFCs to have a big impact on ozone levels.

«Lightning is caused by charge separation within clouds, and to maximize charge separation, you have to loft more water vapor and heavy ice particles into the atmosphere,» he said.

Water vapour without any large particles of ice or dust to scatter sunlight might have been invisible.

So far, only water vapour has been detected — unlike the plumes on Enceladus, which also contain ice and dust particles.

This indicates that ice particles may be turning into water vapour and condensing on the wall.

Researchers have been fascinated with Enceladus since July 2005, when Cassini revealed plumes of ice particles and water vapour shooting out from the moon's south pole.

The key finding: cloud particles at the top of the great storm are composed of a mix of three substances: water ice, ammonia ice, and an uncertain third constituent that is possibly ammonium hydrosulfide.

The interesting effect, he notes, is that in Saturn's massive storm, at least, the observations can be matched by having particles of mixed composition, or clouds of water ice existing side - by - side with clouds of ammonia ice.

It is theorized that the process may be similar to what happens on comets, when water vapor lifts tiny particles of dust and ice off the surface.

It also would be far easier to get a water sample from Enceladus, which has plumes of water vapor, ice and particles shooting more than 300 miles off its surface, than from other moons, such as Jupiter's Europa, where a massive ocean is believed to be buried beneath a thick icy crust.

«Probability density function,» a statistical representation of the likelihood of something occurring at any point in time, was used to examine cloud properties, including vertical motion, liquid and ice water content, and the conditions of cloud particle growth, including how ice crystals grow at the expense of liquid droplets.

These mineral particles likely formed in scalding water bubbling from rock below the moon's ice - capped ocean, new lab studies suggest.

The main mode, which is involved in the formation of ice crystals in mixed - phase clouds (clouds formed by ice particles and water droplets), is the immersion freezing mode.

In one sentence: Researchers at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory found that when miniscule particles of airborne dust, thought to be a perfect landing site for water vapor, are modified by pollution, they change cloud properties via ice crystal number concentration and ice water content.

Jets on the moon's surface send ice particles, water vapor and organic compounds into space.

Scientists suspect that turbulence within a cloud — strong vertical winds — causes the cloud's water droplets, snow, hail and ice particles to smash into each other.

Previous flybys through the plumes have revealed that they contain water vapor, ice particles, sodium, potassium, methane, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and nitrogen, as well as both simple and complex organics.

For example, Cassini discovered that the Saturn satellite Enceladus is a mini-world of active jets — geyser - like phenomena that blast out water vapor and ice particles from the huge, salty ocean that lies beneath the moon's icy crust.

Airborne particles in the form of naturally occurring dusts and human - produced aerosols can serve as ice nuclei, sites around which water vapor condenses into clouds.

The detailed analysis of the spectra suggests that Sromovsky's team has observed ice particles, made of a mixture of water and ammonia (which gives urine its smell).

About 38 % of its mass5 is frozen water — but this ice is extremely fluffy, with much empty space between ice particles.

Clouds are made of tiny water droplets or ice crystals that have condensed onto tiny pieces of sea salt, dust, smoke, or other particles in the air.

As this water moves through rocks, it dissolves salt compounds and pushes through fractures in the overlying ice to form reservoirs closer the moon's surface, where it is expelled into space when the outermost layer of the crust cracks open and the resulting depressurization of these reservoirs causes water vapor and ice particles to shoot out in the observed plumes.

Its compound wicks water from the road and from the top of ice and packed snow, and bite particles embedded in its rubber improve grip.

During aphelion water ice clouds form in the atmosphere, interacting with the dust particles and affecting the temperature of the planet.

Geoengineering proposals fall into at least three broad categories: 1) managing atmospheric greenhouse gases (e.g., ocean fertilization and atmospheric carbon capture and sequestration), 2) cooling the Earth by reflecting sunlight (e.g., putting reflective particles into the atmosphere, putting mirrors in space to reflect the sun's energy, increasing surface reflectivity and altering the amount or characteristics of clouds), and 3) moderating specific impacts of global warming (e.g., efforts to limit sea level rise by increasing land storage of water, protecting ice sheets or artificially enhancing mountain glaciers).

Less well appreciated is that clouds (made of ice particles and / or liquid water droplets) also absorb infrared radiation and contribute to the greenhouse effect, too.

The 12 - and 11 - µm ΔBT helps to distinguish between high, thick clouds and high, thin clouds by delineating cloud phase (ice or liquid water) and cloud particle size (small or large).

By seeding them with substances like bismuth tri-iodide, which cause water to form into ice particles, the hope is to reduce the water vapour and allow more radiation to escape.

Altogether Water; in its three forms as vapor, liquid droplets, and particles of ice; is the overwhelmingly dominant substance in Earth's climate.

In some regions of the globe, the mid-latitudes and the Arctic, these clouds consist not only of water drops, but may contain a mixture of ice particles and water drops.

Particle probe measurements in the cirrus clouds are used to compute ice water content and radar reflectivity averages in short time periods (25 — 30 s).

The precise balance of these opposing effects depends on time of day, time of year, altitude, size of the water droplets and / or ice particles, latitude, current air temperature, and size and shape.

This cooling is caused by the fact that that, as climate warms, clouds made of large ice particles are replaced by clouds made of more numerous and smaller water particles that reflect more solar radiation.

If I were to dump a billion microscopic ice particles into a tank of hot water (di - hydrogen monoxide), your statistical approach would insist that a few of them may have warmed the water (hydrogen hydroxide), especially using a computer model.

The dust particles act as surfaces, or kernels, for water vapor to attach to in low clouds, and for ice crystals to form around in higher clouds.

Aerosols are liquid or solid particles suspended in the atmosphere (but not including water droplets or ice crystals).

For example assuming that CO2 is the only important gas in the atmosphere and that water vapor and clouds composed of water droplets and ice particle do not matter.