Lithuania has a 2500 - megawatt nuclear power plant at Ignalina with RBMK graphite /
water reactors of the type which exploded at Chernobyl and caused a scare last month at Sosnovy Bor, near St Petersburg (This Week, 28 March).
And on March 10, 2011, the NRC licensed the boiling -
water reactor of similar design and vintage at Vermont Yankee to operate for another 20 years (pdf), just one day before the Fukushima crisis.
Each is a 440 - megawatt pressurised -
water reactor of a type called VVER 440/213.
Not exact matches
Under the
reactor was a huge pool
of water — coolant for the power plant.
However, when asked to comment, one CEO said Canada is in a strong position because Candu
reactors use heavy
water instead
of boiled or pressurized
water, which allows the
reactor to run on natural uranium instead
of enriched uranium fuel.
After the leak
of heavy
water at the Wolsong nuclear power plant, South Korea is reconsidering its plan to import an additional Candu - 9 model pressurized heavy -
water nuclear
reactor from Canada.
The Government
of Canada could build on this momentum to develop an expanded MoU on civilian nuclear technology co-operation that includes research in pressurized heavy
water reactor technology, nuclear medicine and other areas discussed by the prime ministers.
«The Australian
water and wastewater industry has been dominated by low pressure in - channel UV systems, but increasingly designers and end - users are starting to appreciate the benefits
of closed
reactor medium pressure systems.
While GWE's anaerobic waste
water technology has been proved worldwide at more than 300 installations
of totally enclosed tanks, or
reactors, this is the first time it has been applied to a covered lagoon, an application where it has enormous further potential in countries with strong agribusiness sectors.
Under the leadership
of GWE President and CEO Mr Jean Pierre Ombregt, GWE's anaerobic waste
water technology has been proved worldwide at more than 300 installations
of totally enclosed tanks, or
reactors.
But community groups are concerned about the potential for accidents, and environmentalists about the toll nuclear takes on
water resources and the wildlife killed when
reactors use river or lake
water for cooling — particularly at Indian Point, less than 30 miles north
of New York City on the Hudson River.
Fire protection piping at Indian Point's Unit 2
reactor broke and leaked and though it resulted in a loss
of water pressure to the fire suppression system, inspectors from the Nuclear Regulatory Commission determined it was
of «very low safety significance,» according to the N.R.C. report.
Officials at the FitzPatrick Nuclear Power Plant near Oswego are investigating why fuel rods in the
reactor's core are leaking radiation and while not considered an emergency, it could potentially spread contaminated
water to other parts
of the plant.
It was not in danger
of ever reaching a drinking
water source, according to Jim Noggle, branch chief in the agency's region I division
of reactor safety.
Water with a little bit
of tritium in it is often released from nuclear
reactors, notes Gizmodo, and tritium in general (which emits a relatively weak form
of radiation) is not dangerous unless it's ingested.
Each day, some two billion gallons
of water are pumped from Long Island Sound into the Millstone Power Station in Waterford, Conn. — that state's only nuclear power plant — and used to help cool systems and support the station's two operating
reactors.
In fact, throughout the first week
of the Fukushima crisis, emergency workers tried to figure out a way to open up a larger hole in the Unit 2
reactor building, which had not suffered an explosion, to allow better access to inject cooling
water without creating the kind
of spark that might cause another hydrogen blast.
Much as what unfolded during the crisis in Japan, the computer modeling suggested that fuel in one
of the two
reactors on the Peach Bottom site would begin to melt as soon as nine hours after a loss
of cooling
water flow.
In the event
of a breakdown
of pumps that supply the
reactor with fresh cooling
water, the torus design is supposed to provide additional cooling.
Record dry spring could drive up wheat prices, and lack
of water may force nuclear
reactors to shut down
Another issue for critics is whether the
water delivered from the elevated reservoir in an emergency would continue to cool the
reactor if there were a sustained loss
of power for emergency pumps.
But because
of the location
of such pools in older boiling -
water reactor designs — specifically, in the upper levels
of the
reactor building — any
water added would ultimately drain down through the building, inundating the emergency pumps in the basement.
Regardless
of the ability
of the vents to function appropriately, one clear difference exists between the operation
of such boiling -
water reactors in the U.S. versus those in Japan — in the U.S.,
reactor operators have the authority to vent radioactive steam or hydrogen gas as conditions warrant.
The resulting organic soup flows into a flash vessel where pressure drops dramatically, liberating some
of the
water, which returns back upstream to preheat the flow into the first - stage
reactor.
Ha and McEwen, a WSU assistant professor
of chemical engineering, say they have a solution: a small
reactor that inexpensively breaks
water and methane into carbon monoxide and hydrogen, which can be used for energy and industrial products.
Water shot out, triggering a 12 - day shutdown
of the plant's two
reactors located outside Rockford, Ill..
To answer the question
of just how harmful leaching could be, the scientists estimated radiation exposure around the coal plants and compared it with exposure levels around boiling -
water reactor and pressurized -
water nuclear power plants.
That's because researchers have tailored a 3D printer to synthesize pharmaceuticals and other chemicals from simple, widely available starting compounds fed into a series
of water bottle — size
reactors.
External tanks hold enough additional
water to cool the
reactor for two weeks in the event
of a loss
of power as well.
Babcock & Wilcox — one - time builder
of large pressurized
water reactors as well as smaller ones suitable for the submarines
of the U.S. Navy — would like to shrink those down to just 180 megawatts.
The rest
of this special News & Analysis section examines what we have learned about radiation risks from previous exposures (p. 1504), improvements in safety since the boiling
water designs at Fukushima (p. 1506), what to do with the wrecked
reactors (p. 1507), and damage to research facilities from the earthquake (p. 1509).
«You have a hell
of a lot more
water in the
reactor relative to the size
of the breaks that can happen,» Mowry explains.
«The staff has contended pretty much all along that they will have to meet the same security requirements as all
of the large
reactors,» says Michael Mayfield, director of the Division of Advanced Reactors and Rulemaking in the NRC's Office of New Reactors, noting that a timeline for licenses could be expedited if such reactors are simply scaled down versions of existing light water reactors that do not require new regu
reactors,» says Michael Mayfield, director
of the Division
of Advanced
Reactors and Rulemaking in the NRC's Office of New Reactors, noting that a timeline for licenses could be expedited if such reactors are simply scaled down versions of existing light water reactors that do not require new regu
Reactors and Rulemaking in the NRC's Office
of New
Reactors, noting that a timeline for licenses could be expedited if such reactors are simply scaled down versions of existing light water reactors that do not require new regu
Reactors, noting that a timeline for licenses could be expedited if such
reactors are simply scaled down versions of existing light water reactors that do not require new regu
reactors are simply scaled down versions
of existing light
water reactors that do not require new regu
reactors that do not require new regulations.
The pump could not have serviced both
of the plant's
reactors if they lost normal
water supply simultaneously, the NRC staff said.
Led by graduate student Sandra Rincon and her advisor, Haluk Beyenal, professor in the Gene and Linda Voiland School
of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, the researchers developed a unique biofilm
reactor that recycles gasses and uses less
water and lower light than typical
reactors.
The
reactor is now shut down while technicians examine the source
of the tritium leak, which has spread in a plume in ground
water underneath the lab grounds.
Even if Max can get potable
water from the top
of his
reactor, will such a system ever be commercially viable?
In an article published today in the Proceedings
of the National Academy
of Sciences titled «Solar photothermochemical alkane reverse combustion,» the researchers demonstrate that the one - step conversion
of carbon dioxide and
water into liquid hydrocarbons and oxygen can be achieved in a photothermochemical flow
reactor operating at 180 to 200 C and pressures up to 6 atmospheres.
San Francisco's Tesla Portal drinking
water facility earlier this month awarded a $ 5 - million contract to Pittsburgh's Calgon Carbon Corp. to begin installing 12
of its Sentinel Chevron 48 UV
reactors to treat up to 320 million gallons (11.5 million liters)
of water daily.
All but two
of the 440 or so commercial nuclear
reactors operating are thermal, and most
of them — including the 103 U.S. power
reactors — employ
water both to slow neutrons and to carry fission - created heat to the associated electric generators.
«We are the first to use both light and heat to synthesize liquid hydrocarbons in a single stage
reactor from carbon dioxide and
water,» said Brian Dennis, UTA professor
of mechanical and aerospace engineering and co-principal investigator
of the project.
The resulting heat is conveyed out
of the
reactor, where it turns
water into steam that is used to run a turbine that drives an electric generator.
This signaling pathway could be used to optimize the photosynthetic efficiency
of plants subject to
water and nutrient deficiencies, with potential applications in agriculture and
reactor - based crop development for green chemistry and algae - based biofuel solutions.
Not to be outdone, Suffolk County Council, on whose flat shoreland stands Sizewell B, Britain's first pressurised -
water reactor, has announced a public inquiry into the proposal to build a replica
of the PWR on the site.
Most
of these thermal systems are what engineers call light -
water reactors.
Almost under the blue - green dome
of Britain's first pressurised -
water reactor, now nearing completion on the flat shoreline
of Suffolk, is a purpose - built Job Centre.
On Earth, this radiation shows up in the
reactor pools
of certain types
of nuclear power plants, sparked by high - speed atomic fragments that go shooting through the
water.
Workers built an elaborate scrubbing system that removes cesium, strontium and dozens
of other radioactive particles from the
water; some
of it is recirculated into the
reactors, and some goes into row upon row
of giant tanks at the site.
A series
of drains and underground barriers — including a $ 325 - million * supposedly impermeable «wall»
of frozen soil — was also constructed to keep
water from flowing into the
reactors and the ocean.
«Streams and rivers are not only passive conduits
of water and terrestrial carbon dioxide, but also function as
reactors that generate and release carbon dioxide during transport downstream,» said Erin Hotchkiss.