Surrounding the island are cold, nutrient - rich waters that sustain a diverse
web of marine life, including pelagic fish, a variety
of marine mammals, and extensive
kelp forests.
This «
kelp highway hypothesis» suggested that highly productive
kelp forests supported rich and diverse marine food
webs in nearshore waters, including many types
of fish, shellfish, birds, marine mammals, and seaweeds that were similar from Japan to California, Erlandson and his colleagues also argued that coastal
kelp forests reduced wave energy and provided a linear dispersal corridor entirely at sea level, with few obstacles to maritime peoples.