Sentences with phrase «where anthropogenic emissions»

Reductions in air Hg concentrations on a regional scale have been reported for areas where anthropogenic emissions have been reduced (Kellerhals et al., 2003; Wängberg et al., 2007).

NRC: Reductions In Mercury Concentrations «On A Regional Scale Have Been Reported For Areas Where Anthropogenic Emissions Have Been Reduced.»

The study also showed that the effect was much larger on a regional scale, counteracting possibly up to 30 % of warming in more rural, forested areas where anthropogenic emissions of aerosols were much lower in comparison to the natural aerosols.

The study also showed that the effect was much larger on a regional scale, counteracting possibly up to 30 % of warming in more rural, forested areas where anthropogenic emissions of aerosols were much lower in comparison to the natural aerosols.

Not exact matches

where En and Ea are natural and anthropogenic emissions respectively and An = Ap + deltaA is absorption by natural sinks.

This differs from gases like methane which do have a «real» lifetime due to reactions with hydroxyl radicals, where for any given steady state anthropogenic methane emissions are, a stabilized concentration value will eventually be reached.

Parties are encouraged, where possible, to reduce anthropogenic emissions and enhance removals from terrestrial, coastal, and marine ecosystems, ensuring synergies with other environmental objectives.

Scaling Walter's Arctic lake emission rates up by a factor of 100 would increase the overall emission rate, natural and anthropogenic, by about a factor of 5 from where it is today.

Add in the increase in anthropogenic emissions from fracking and the dash for gas, where do we get to then?

The Paris agreement to cut anthropogenic CO2 emissions is based on a precautinary principle declarated in the Rio conference: «Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Having met at Rio de Janeiro from 3 to 14 June 1992, Princible 15, http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual//Default.asp?documentid=78&articleid=1163» — Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost - effective measures to prevent environmental degradation.

In addition to that the lacking warming during the recent 15 years can not be explained by any change of CO2 content in the atmosphere, there are evidences available according to which the changes of CO2 contents in the atmosphere are dominated by natural causes, where influence of anthropogenic CO2 emissions is so minimal that it can not be found by measurements in reality.

Finally, we represent the climate — carbon - cycle feedback by adding an extra, temperature - dependent component to the total anthropogenic emissions emitted each year (Ea): where T ′ is the temperature anomaly above an exponentially weighted running mean with a time constant of 100 years, and b5 is the adjustable carbon - cycle feedback parameter.

The annual average AIF in the Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes (where most anthropogenic emissions occur) in the 0.25 ° model is reduced by about 1 W m 2 (30 %) compared to the 2 ° model, leading to a 0.26 W m 2 reduction (15 %) in the global annual average AIF.»

Recognizing that the carbon cycle is very complex, so there are reasons that the simple comparison could be off (going either way of course), the chart suggests that only 20 % of the total anthropogenic CO2 emissions occurred in the same period where 50 % of the total change in atmospheric CO2 concentration were observed.

The main evidence for catastrophic anthropogenic global warming (CAGW), the principal alleged adverse effect of human emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), is climate models built by CAGW supporters in a field where models with real predictive power do not exist and can not be built with any demonstrable accuracy beyond a week or two because climate and weather are coupled non-linear chaotic systems.

(b) «Formulate, implement, publish and regularly update national and, where appropriate, regional programmes containing measures to mitigate climate change by addressing anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of all greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol, and measures to facilitate adequate adaptation to climate change;» (c) «Promote and cooperate in the development, application and diffusion, including transfer, of technologies, practices and processes that control, reduce or prevent anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases...»

where Ea represents annual carbon emissions from anthropogenic sources (fossil fuel use and land use change), En represents the carbon emissions from all natural sources (the oceans, soil respiration, volcanos etc.) and Un represent the uptake of carbon by all natural carbon sinks (oceans, photosynthesis, etc.).

However, the conditions predicted for the open ocean may not reflect the future conditions in the coastal zone, where many of these organisms live (Hendriks et al. 2010a, b; Hofmann et al. 2011; Kelly and Hofmann 2012), and results derived from changes in pH in coastal ecosystems often include processes other than OA, such as emissions from volcanic vents, eutrophication, upwelling and long - term changes in the geological cycle of CO2, which commonly involve simultaneous changes in other key factors affecting the performance of calcifiers, thereby confounding the response expected from OA by anthropogenic CO2 alone.

This new concept of anthropogenic impacts on seawater pH formulated here accommodates the broad range of mechanisms involved in the anthropogenic forcing of pH in coastal ecosystems, including changes in land use, nutrient inputs, ecosystem structure and net metabolism, and emissions of gases to the atmosphere affecting the carbon system and associated pH. The new paradigm is applicable across marine systems, from open - ocean and ocean - dominated coastal systems, where OA by anthropogenic CO2 is the dominant mechanism of anthropogenic impacts on marine pH, to coastal ecosystems where a range of natural and anthropogenic processes may operate to affect pH.

We propose here a new paradigm of anthropogenic impacts on seawater pH. This new paradigm provides a canonical approach towards integrating the multiple components of anthropogenic forcing that lead to changes in coastal pH. We believe that this paradigm, whilst accommodating that of OA by anthropogenic CO2, avoids the limitations the current OA paradigm faces to account for the dynamics of coastal ecosystems, where some ecosystems are not showing any acidification or basification trend whilst others show a much steeper acidification than expected for reasons entirely different from anthropogenic CO2 emissions.

Hence, the current narrative of OA as an anthropogenic process driven by increased CO2 emissions to the atmosphere and subsequent dissolution in the ocean is only applicable partially to the coastal ocean where anthropogenic impacts on pH have multiple sources and vary in intensity and direction.

Though the greenhouse effect itself is completely natural, and very beneficial, global warming scientists believe that anthropogenic (man - made) emissions of carbon dioxide (mostly from burning fossil fuels) have increased CO2 in the atmosphere to a point where we are now experiencing what could be called an «enhanced greenhouse effect».