Sentences with phrase «where surface observations»

As illustrated below, values are least reliable where surface observations are sparse and the background model forecasts of related variables such as precipitation are biased.

Not exact matches

By combining observations from the ground and in space, the team observed a plume of low - energy plasma particles that essentially hitches a ride along magnetic field lines — streaming from Earth's lower atmosphere up to the point, tens of thousands of kilometers above the surface, where the planet's magnetic field connects with that of the sun.

«Because neutron spectroscopy could «see» hydrogen due to its large neutron scattering cross-section, it succeeded where optical spectroscopy techniques failed and enabled the first direct observations of cerium hydrides both on the surface and in the bulk of a cerium oxide catalyst,» Wu said.

Particularly in confined spaces — thin gaps between machine parts, the contact area between hardware and metal plate, behind seals and under gaskets, seams where two surfaces meet — close observation of such electrochemical dissolution had been an enormous challenge, he added.

That rover has stayed close to one spot for the last nine months, where among other observations, it spotted the first water - ice clouds identified from the surface of Mars.

Unlike the satellite temperature record, where only a few satellites are measuring temperatures at any given point of time, there is a large amount of redundancy in surface temperature observations, with multiple

Collectively, these observations can be used to project trends of ocean acidification in higher latitude marine surface waters where inorganic carbon chemistry is largely influenced by sea ice meltwater.

Where Halley's works rely on color relationships to create depth in an otherwise flat image, the drawings in Measure borrow the same simple geometric structures while relying on the materiality of surface to challenge the limits of human observation.

The reanalyses are closely tied to the measurements at most locations where observations — such as 2 - meter temperature, T (2m), or surface pressure — are provided and used in the data assimilation.

This is due at least in part to a lack of surface temperature observations in large parts of the Arctic where warming is occurring most rapidly.

Given some good observations and a suitable model one could hope to do so for a brief distance, but inevitably chaos would take over and we would fail to predict the exact point where the bubble would surface.

Cloud cover data from ship observations over the North Atlantic, where measurements are denser, did not show any relationship with solar activity over the period 1953 - 1995, though a large discrepancy exists between ISCCP D2 data and surface marine observations.

«Previous observations have pointed to large methane plumes being released from the seabed in the relatively shallow sea off the northern coast of Siberia, but the latest findings were made far away from land in the deep, open ocean where the surface is usually capped by ice.»

The point is that this observation is not very relevant if the outcome comes from a combination of relevant and persistently warming data from areas where the temperature is strongly correlated with increase in the heat content of oceans, atmosphere and continental topmost layers, and almost totally irrelevant data from areas and seasons where and when exceptionally great natural variability of surface temperatures makes these temperatures essentially irrelevant for the determination of longterm trends.

Because the GISS analysis combines available sea surface temperature records with meteorological station measurements, we test alternative choices for the ocean data, showing that global temperature change is sensitive to estimated temperature change in polar regions where observations are limited.

Over land, values of the relative humidity of surface air are determined quite directly from observational records for regions where plentiful observations of surface air humidity were made.

Tropical Troposphere While recent discussion of the discrepancy between models and observations has focused on global surface temperature, the discrepancy between models and observations was first raised in connection with the tropical troposphere, where the discrepancy is even stronger.

Global temperature change obtained by multiplying the sum of the two climate forcings in figure 5c by a sensitivity of 3/4 °C per W m − 2 yields a remarkably good fit to «observations» (figure 6), where the observed temperature is 2 × ΔTdo, with 2 being the scale factor required to yield the estimated 4.5 °C LGM — Holocene surface temperature change.

Whilst bearing in mind that ~ 70 % of global insolation strikes ocean surface and ocean «thermal capacity» (Cp) is greater than land Cp, ocean Cp can be seen to provide energy to land Cp where land surface temperatures are low (as can be seen from diurnal atmospheric observations between land and ocean surfaces).

«BAECC was the first experiment where multifrequency cloud and precipitation radar observations were combined with comprehensive surface observations of falling snow microphysics,» says Moisseev.