To me, the solution to the attrition issue,
whether it's at a KIPP middle school or the Promise Academy middle school, is the Harlem Children's Zone's «conveyor belt» model, which provides continuous, high - quality
early - childhood and
elementary education to precisely those «disengaged families and
students,» so that when those children arrive in middle school, they won't have the kind of difficulty doing demanding work as did the kids who left the Bay Area KIPP schools or who underperformed at the Promise Academy middle school in its first few years.
When the longitudinal study was funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse in 1985, school - based substance abuse prevention research trials had been limited to studies of social influence resistance curricula provided to
students in grades 5 through 10.3 In this context, reviewers desired that the study include a condition assessing effects of only 2 years of intervention in the late
elementary grades as well as effects of the full intervention, since they questioned
whether intervention in the
early elementary grades was necessary.