Past research has suggested that babies who are breastfed are less likely to grow up to be
obese children, but those studies compared mothers who chose
whether or not to breastfeed, so they and their
children could have been different in other important ways, researchers said.
In addition, at the age - three and age - five in - home assessment, the interviewer records physical measurements of the
child's height and weight to make it possible to calculate the
child's BMI and to determine
whether the
child is overweight or
obese.
A covariate was included in the multivariate analyses if theoretical or empirical evidence supported its role as a risk factor for obesity, if it was a significant predictor of obesity in univariate regression models, or if including it in the full multivariate model led to a 5 % or greater change in the OR.48 Model 1 includes maternal IPV exposure, race / ethnicity (black, white, Hispanic, other / unknown),
child sex (male, female), maternal age (20 - 25, 26 - 28, 29 - 33, 34 - 50 years), maternal education (less than high school, high school graduation, beyond high school), maternal nativity (US born, yes or no),
child age in months, relationship with father (yes or no), maternal smoking during pregnancy (yes or no), maternal depression (as measured by a CIDI - SF cutoff score ≥ 0.5), maternal BMI (normal / underweight, overweight,
obese), low birth weight (< 2500 g, ≥ 2500 g),
whether the
child takes a bottle to bed at age 3 years (yes or no), and average hours of
child television viewing per day at age 3 years (< 2 h / d, ≥ 2 h / d).