In an 18 - city study,
depressed fathers had higher rates
of substance abuse.5 The rate
of paternal depression is higher when the
mother has postpartum depression,
which compounds the effect on
children.5, 6 A nondepressed father has a protective effect on
children of depressed mothers and is a factor in resilience.7, — , 9
The one exception was the study by Abela et al, 32
which did not find increased difficulties with self - esteem or dependency in
children aged 6 — 14 years
of mothers with BPD, compared with
children of depressed mothers.