Sentences with phrase «which ice concentration»

Extent is defined as the total area in which the ice concentration is at least 15 percent.

These are spatial plots of the date at which the ice concentration at a given location first drops below 15 %.

Sea ice extent is defined by the area in which ice concentration exceeds 15 percent.

This week, Arctic sea ice extent - that is, the total ocean area in which the ice concentration is at least 15 percent - was at 1.96 million square miles.

Not exact matches

The start - up's premiere product, the Thin Ice vest, uses cold therapy to target areas of the body with high concentrations of thermoreceptors, which are nerve cells that are able to detect the presence of hot or cold temperatures.

Growth rates for concentrations of carbon dioxide have been faster in the past 10 years than over any 10 - year period since continuous atmospheric monitoring began in the 1950s, with concentrations now roughly 35 percent above preindustrial levels (which can be determined from air bubbles trapped in ice cores).

The research team — which utilized 34,000 data records from 2010 and 2011 — concluded that melting sea ice is diluting seawater and reducing the concentrations of the carbonate minerals critical as building blocks for the shells of marine life.

This human habit has already shifted atmospheric CO2 concentrations by more than 100 parts per million, which is the usual shift in concentration between a planet swathed in ice and the more temperate climes in which human civilization developed.

«When carbon dioxide concentrations and temperatures rise, then mixed - phase clouds will increase their liquid water content,» said Ivy Tan, a PhD candidate at Yale University who led the research, which investigated common clouds that contain both ice and water.

There is evidence that Earth has gone through at least one globally frozen, «snowball» state in the last billion years, which it is thought to have exited after several million years because global ice - cover shut off the carbonate - silicate cycle, thereby allowing greenhouse gases to build up to sufficient concentration to melt the ice.

«Microbial cell and organic carbon concentrations in this accreted ice are significantly higher than those in the overlying ice, which implies that the subglacial environment is the source,» says Christner.

Warm Weather Hazards • Animal toxins — toads, insects, spiders, snakes and scorpions • Blue - green algae in ponds • Citronella candles • Cocoa mulch • Compost piles Fertilizers • Flea products • Outdoor plants and plant bulbs • Swimming - pool treatment supplies • Fly baits containing methomyl • Slug and snail baits containing metaldehyde Medication Common examples of human medications that can be potentially lethal to pets, even in small doses, include: • Pain killers • Cold medicines • Anti-cancer drugs • Antidepressants • Vitamins • Diet Pills Cold Weather Hazards • Antifreeze • Liquid potpourri • Ice melting products • Rat and mouse bait Common Household Hazards • Fabric softener sheets • Mothballs • Post-1982 pennies (due to high concentration of zinc) Holiday Hazards • Christmas tree water (may contain fertilizers and bacteria, which can upset the stomach.

[1] CO2 absorbs IR, is the main GHG, human emissions are increasing its concentration in the atmosphere, raising temperatures globally; the second GHG, water vapor, exists in equilibrium with water / ice, would precipitate out if not for the CO2, so acts as a feedback; since the oceans cover so much of the planet, water is a large positive feedback; melting snow and ice as the atmosphere warms decreases albedo, another positive feedback, biased toward the poles, which gives larger polar warming than the global average; decreasing the temperature gradient from the equator to the poles is reducing the driving forces for the jetstream; the jetstream's meanders are increasing in amplitude and slowing, just like the lower Missippi River where its driving gradient decreases; the larger slower meanders increase the amplitude and duration of blocking highs, increasing drought and extreme temperatures — and 30,000 + Europeans and 5,000 plus Russians die, and the US corn crop, Russian wheat crop, and Aussie wildland fire protection fails — or extreme rainfall floods the US, France, Pakistan, Thailand (driving up prices for disk drives — hows that for unexpected adverse impacts from AGW?)

We know from data that we have caused the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere to rise sharply during the past century: it is now much higher than any time during the past 650,000 years (which is as far back as reliable ice core data exist).

The ice concentration of the small floes was about 10 to 30 percent and the mini-icebergs jutting out of the water by about one meter provided for a situation which was mastered by the modern multipurpose heavy lift project carriers being built with ice class E3 and the experience of the captains.

Yuan et al. (LDEO Columbia University), 5.08 (+ / - 0.51), Statistical The prediction is made by statistical models, which are capable to predict Arctic sea ice concentrations at grid points 3 - month in advance with reasonable skills.

WMO will issue its full Statement on the State of the Climate in 2017 in March which will provide a comprehensive overview of temperature variability and trends, high - impact events, and long - term indicators of climate change such as increasing carbon dioxide concentrations, Arctic and Antarctic sea ice, sea level rise and ocean acidification.

Salby's numbers for thermal influence on CO2 concentrations are an order of magnitude too high, and back - casting those to the last ice age indicates zero (that is, absolutely none at all) CO2, which would have killed off all vegetable life on the planet.

As researchers documented in this graph, the region had experienced increasing precipitation during the Little Ice Age, followed by a sharp drying trend that began in the late 1700s, which triggered Kilimanjaro's retreat long before CO2 ever reached significant concentrations.

Note a 40 % concentration cutoff is used in the ice age maps, which means that ice still could be present in areas shown as «open water (OW)».

This is consistent with both the June and July (Figure 3) ensemble predictions from a coupled ice - ocean model submitted by Zhang, which show considerably more ice in the East Siberian Sea compared to 2009, and it is consistent with the June statistical forecasts submitted by Tivy, which also predict a greater ice area than in 2009 and above - normal ice concentrations along the coasts.

Using a statistical model based on canonical correlation analysis with fall sea surface temperature anomalies in the North Atlantic as the main predictor, Tivy shows below - normal ice concentrations throughout most of the region (Figure 12), which suggests an earlier - than - normal opening of the shipping season.

which includes bias corrections for XBT and MDT data, and satellite - based sea ice concentrations from the EUMETSAT Ocean Sea Ice satellite Application Facility (OSI - Sice concentrations from the EUMETSAT Ocean Sea Ice satellite Application Facility (OSI - SIce satellite Application Facility (OSI - SAF,

Cited is Mitchell et al. (2010), which detailed a method developed to remotely sense the concentrations of various sizes of ice particles.

Another difference is that in 2013 there were areas of decreased concentration north of the Kara and Barents sea; this year, most of the Arctic sea ice prevails at higher concentrations, indicating a more consolidated and possibly thicker ice cover, which is more resilient to melt and retreat.

Thus, as commented on by one of the mariners taking a sailboat through the NWP, at the regional scale ice located outside the proper ice edge (which may be defined by the 10 or 15 % ice concentration contour) may still present a formidable obstacle to progress with a small vessel.

This can be inferred from ice core measurements, which show a near constant atmospheric concentration of CO2 over the last several thousand years prior to the Industrial Era.

In contrast, SLP has been higher over the Kara sector, which may have contributed to the large current negative anomalies in sea ice concentration in that region of the Arctic.

The current rate of CO2 rise in atmospheric concentrations is unprecedented with respect to the highest resolution ice core records which cover the last 22,000 years.

I use three variables (land snow cover, ice concentration, ice area) that are available in June, in a formula which shows particularly strong correlation with Sept sea ice extent.

Sea ice concentration, which is independently measured and well observed by passive microwave satellite sensors, gives additional important information on changes in the Antarctic environment.

In the summer, the layers and puddles of water which can accumulate on the surface of the ice floes mislead the algorithm in to underestimating the total ice concentration.»

«The hemispheric - mean decline in winter ice extent is due in large part to increasing sea - surface temperatures in the Barents Sea and adjoining waters, which are consistent with increased concentrations of greenhouse gases.»

Multi-year sea ice has been reduced to such low levels that the overall September sea ice extent is largely tied to the fate of the first - year sea ice, which appears thin or with low concentrations away from the central Arctic (see AMSR satellite data and the calculations by Lindsay and Rigor).

We also note that agreement between observed and simulated ice crystal number concentrations in our study required the concentration of entrained ice nuclei to be much greater than the number concentration of ice crystals, which conflicts with studies that indicate that entrained ice nucleus concentrations are equal to in - cloud ice crystal concentrations.

NASA even states that when they lowered the CO2 concentration again, their model reproduced a nice ice cap over the Arctic Ocean, which implies Arctic ice loss is not irreversible — although that conclusion is highly theoretical:

Presenting such alternative figures confuses and undermines the public understanding of the actual science, which is an understanding about the driving mechanisms of sea level rise: thermal expansion of ocean water, melting of mountain glaciers and complex dynamics of large ice sheets — in correspondence again with projected temperature rise, that is in turn a product of projected rises of greenhouse gas concentrations using calculated estimates of climate sensitivity, together creating a net disturbance in Earth's energy balance, the very root cause of anthropogenic climate change.

Then we use available long - term proxies of the solar activity, which are 10Be isotope concentrations in ice cores and 22 - year smoothed neutron monitor data, to interpolate between the present quiet Sun and the minimum state of the quiet Sun.

There is the Cryosphere data from the University of Illinois which show arctic and Antarctic ice concentration and extent (this is not Mr. Watts data, it is satellite data.

According to that hypothesis, the anomalous increase of CO2 and CH4 concentrations in the atmosphere as observed in mid - to late Holocene ice - cores results from anthropogenic deforestation and rice irrigation, which started in the early Neolithic at 8000 and 5000 yr BP, respectively.

With these earlier data records, the ice concentrations would not be as reliable as the total ice extent, which is why most folks only show the extent.

Taken together, the average of the warmest times during the middle Pliocene presents a view of the equilibrium state of a globally warmer world, in which atmospheric CO2 concentrations (estimated to be between 360 to 400 ppm) were likely higher than pre-industrial values (Raymo and Rau, 1992; Raymo et al., 1996), and in which geologic evidence and isotopes agree that sea level was at least 15 to 25 m above modern levels (Dowsett and Cronin, 1990; Shackleton et al., 1995), with correspondingly reduced ice sheets and lower continental aridity (Guo et al., 2004).

Consider, for example, that Lowe, et al. [in Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change, H.J. Schellnhuber et al. (eds), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2006, p. 32 - 33], based on a «pessimistic, but plausible, scenario in which atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations were stabilised at four times pre-industrial levels,» estimated that a collapse of the Greenland Ice Sheet would over the next 1,000 years raise sea level by 2.3 meters (with a peak rate of 0.5 mm / yr).

Second, the Ice Hockey Sticks — almost the only remaining bit of visual science in the now - threadbare IPCC Summary For Policymakers and Synthesis Report — the Ice Hockey Sticks which «show» a «sudden catastrophically big rises» in the concentrations of CO2, N2O and CH4 «since industrialization».

Because all 2013 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change scenarios — except Representative Concentration Pathway 2.6 (RCP2.6), which leads to the total radiative forcing of greenhouse gases of 2.6 W m − 2 in 2100 — imply that cumulative carbon emission will exceed 1,000 Gt in the twenty - first century, our results suggest that anthropogenic interference will make the initiation of the next ice age impossible over a time period comparable to the duration of previous glacial cycles.»

RealClimate is wonderful, and an excellent source of reliable information.As I've said before, methane is an extremely dangerous component to global warming.Comment # 20 is correct.There is a sharp melting point to frozen methane.A huge increase in the release of methane could happen within the next 50 years.At what point in the Earth's temperature rise and the rise of co2 would a huge methane melt occur?No one has answered that definitive issue.If I ask you all at what point would huge amounts of extra methane start melting, i.e at what temperature rise of the ocean near the Artic methane ice deposits would the methane melt, or at what point in the rise of co2 concentrations in the atmosphere would the methane melt, I believe that no one could currently tell me the actual answer as to where the sharp melting point exists.Of course, once that tipping point has been reached, and billions of tons of methane outgass from what had been locked stores of methane, locked away for an eternity, it is exactly the same as the burning of stored fossil fuels which have been stored for an eternity as well.And even though methane does not have as long a life as co2, while it is around in the air it can cause other tipping points, i.e. permafrost melting, to arrive much sooner.I will reiterate what I've said before on this and other sites.Methane is a hugely underreported, underestimated risk.How about RealClimate attempts to model exactly what would happen to other tipping points, such as the melting permafrost, if indeed a huge increase in the melting of the methal hydrate ice WERE to occur within the next 50 years.My amateur guess is that the huge, albeit temporary, increase in methane over even three or four decades might push other relevent tipping points to arrive much, much, sooner than they normally would, thereby vastly incresing negative feedback mechanisms.We KNOW that quick, huge, changes occured in the Earth's climate in the past.See other relevent posts in the past from Realclimate.Climate often does not change slowly, but undergoes huge, quick, changes periodically, due to negative feedbacks accumulating, and tipping the climate to a quick change.Why should the danger from huge potential methane releases be vievwed with any less trepidation?

The models heavily relied upon by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) had not projected this multidecadal stasis in «global warming»; nor (until trained ex post facto) the fall in TS from 1940 - 1975; nor 50 years» cooling in Antarctica (Doran et al., 2002) and the Arctic (Soon, 2005); nor the absence of ocean warming since 2003 (Lyman et al., 2006; Gouretski & Koltermann, 2007); nor the onset, duration, or intensity of the Madden - Julian intraseasonal oscillation, the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation in the tropical stratosphere, El Nino / La Nina oscillations, the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, or the Pacific Decadal Oscillation that has recently transited from its warming to its cooling phase (oceanic oscillations which, on their own, may account for all of the observed warmings and coolings over the past half - century: Tsoniset al., 2007); nor the magnitude nor duration of multi-century events such as the Mediaeval Warm Period or the Little Ice Age; nor the cessation since 2000 of the previously - observed growth in atmospheric methane concentration (IPCC, 2007); nor the active 2004 hurricane season; nor the inactive subsequent seasons; nor the UK flooding of 2007 (the Met Office had forecast a summer of prolonged droughts only six weeks previously); nor the solar Grand Maximum of the past 70 years, during which the Sun was more active, for longer, than at almost any similar period in the past 11,400 years (Hathaway, 2004; Solankiet al., 2005); nor the consequent surface «global warming» on Mars, Jupiter, Neptune's largest moon, and even distant Pluto; nor the eerily - continuing 2006 solar minimum; nor the consequent, precipitate decline of ~ 0.8 °C in TS from January 2007 to May 2008 that has canceled out almost all of the observed warming of the 20th century.

Figure 3: Percentage difference in monthly mean surface ozone concentrations in March, between the run in which spring and summer sea ice is removed («extreme scenario») and the run in which no perturbations were applied.

However, this year we are using a revised ice age product, one based on a 15 % sea ice concentration threshold rather than the earlier version, which used a threshold of 40 % [see Maslanik et al., in review for more details].

Figure 2: Percentage difference in monthly mean surface OH concentrations in August, between the run in which late - summer sea ice is removed («realistic scenario») and the run in which no perturbations were applied.