In By Leafy Ways, artist Ivor Abrahams invites viewers into the strange world of the English suburban garden, in
which ideas of nature and artifice are subtly opposed.
Not exact matches
Furthermore, the
idea of self - existence is not merely inescapable but «rigorously inconceivable; and this holds true whatever be the
nature of the object
of which it is predicated».
Atheist reject the
idea of a god and believe their view to be true or they would be agnostic unless they choose no stance at all
of a god that
of which would require unknowing
of what the term «god» means so it would fall under a belief and since they can't prove that a god doesn't exist then by definition it requires faith for their view, meaning it would effect their view
of the cause,
nature, and purpose
of the universe if a god was proven to be true.
He could categorically choose the way
of antinomian libertinism (as did the Valentinians), in
which case the pneumatic self acted as if it had «a positive injunction to perform every kind
of action, with the
idea of rendering to
nature its own and thereby exhausting its powers.»
At the core
of his system is the
idea of the Unity - Law
of Control and Direction
which presents creation and salvation as the manifestation
of a single, dynamic wisdom and purpose that shapes the fabric
of every created
nature.
Later the
idea gained ground that we can not «speak
of nature apart from human perception in the historical development
of knowledge», that all knowledge is «a creative interaction between the known and the knower» and that therefore there is no System
of scientific knowledge or
of technology
which does not have the subjective purposes and faith - presuppositions
of humans built into it.
And the first
idea that suggests itself to us is that the soul must be a centre
of transformation at
which, through all the channels
of nature, corporeal energies come together in order to attain inwardness and be sublimated in beauty and in truth.
I am asking theologically about the relation
of the
ideas that seem now to constitute at least the beginning
of a theology
of nature to the
ideas by
which the church is accustomed to living.
They are secondary because historically and philosophically they have a different pedigree, being based upon a few preconceived
ideas concerning the
nature and processes
of the universe, and
of man, upon
which the whole concatenation
of objections hinge.
When, for example, at first in the 19th century down to Pius XII the Church adopted a very reserved attitude to any inclusion
of the human bios in the
idea of evolution, that was motivated, and rightly so, by a fundamental conception
of the
nature of man
which for good reasons required to be defended.
In his
idea of «dual transcendence,»
which is later terminology for dipolarity, Hartshorne attempts to hold together the two aspects
of his thought about the divine
nature.
Study
of Scripture through the filter
of man's biases results in the type
of man - centered
ideas proferred by Baden, like «God learns to accept their inherently evil
nature», and humans «are the only species that can give him what he wants —
which, in the view
of Genesis, is bloody, burned animal sacrifices», and «it is, rather, our job to make ourselves uncomfortable that he might be appeased.»
In the same spirit Santayana and Whitehead agree in objecting, like Nietzsche, to the
idea that change in the natural world is controlled by «laws
of nature,» viewing the laws rather as simply descriptions
of what each unit to
which they apply «decides» to do itself (RB 301 - 302).
It is this latter
idea, that the
nature of a particular thing consists wholly in the universals
which it exemplifies (and therefore can not contain intrinsic reference to any other particular thing),
which Whitehead sees as the ground for taking solipsism seriously.
However, it is possible to obtain some
idea of the process from the
nature of the Christian instruction impaired by the missionaries, the people involved, and the way in
which Pulayas responded to particular aspects
of Christian teaching.
After 1936, he no longer works at the elaboration
of a metaphysical theory, confining to the second question: what is the
nature of the way in
which we know a priori
ideas?
Thus it conceives the world
of nature as something derived from and dependent upon something logical prior to itself, a world
of immaterial
ideas; but this is not a mental world or a world
of mental activities or
of things depending on mental activity although it is an intelligible world or a world in
which mind, when mind comes into existence, finds itself completely at home.
I once cite «Realism and Idealism,» the passage about objective idealism in
which Collingwood clearly states his conception
of the world
of nature: «Thus it conceives the world
of nature as something derived from and dependent upon something logical prior to itself, a world
of immaterial
ideas; but this is not a mental world or a world
of mental activities or
of things depending on mental activity although it is an intelligible world or a world in
which mind, when mind comes into existence, finds itself completely at home.
The first results
of these metaphysical inquiries can be found in the five books
of the manuscript «Notes towards a Metaphysic» (written from September 1933 till May 1934), in
which he makes an endeavor to construct a cosmological - metaphysical system
of his own, 5 following the example
of Whitehead's and Alexander's description
of reality as a process, but based on his method elaborated in An Essay on Philosophical Method, 6 and in «Sketch
of a Cosmological Theory,» the first (never published) cosmology conclusion to The
Idea of Nature.
Also in the face
of the ecological disaster created by the modern
ideas of total separation
of humans from
nature and
of the unlimited technological exploitation
of nature, it is proper for primal vision to demand, not an undifferentiated unity
of God, humanity and
nature or to go back to the traditional worship
of nature - spirits, but to seek a spiritual framework
of unity in
which differentiation may go along with a relation
of responsible participatory interaction between them, enabling the development
of human community in accordance with the Divine purpose and with reverence for the community
of life on earth and in harmony with
nature's cycles to sustain and renew all life continuously.
Pietism in Wurttemberg took a politically passive turn because it was largely tolerated by the state church,
which was somewhat independent
of the king and capable through the involvement
of the aristocracy
of incorporating new
ideas about the
nature of the polity.
«35 We can not but hear the echo
of this metaphysical theory in the final words
of The
Idea of Nature, in
which Collingwood maps the distinction
of two kinds
of science (natural science versus history):
What emerged was a deistic philosophy in
which the
ideas of sin and God receded in favor
of new social control mechanisms provided by law and legitimated by conceptions
of the lawfulness
of nature.
The real distinction between some philosophical
ideas,
which are nonbiblical in their implications, and the scriptural picture is exactly what I urged above: that between history read in terms
of nature and
nature read in terms
of history.
Kaplan's
idea of creativity,
which can not be accounted for by the so - called laws
of nature, echoes Whitehead's metaphysical concept
of creativity, the nisus toward the endless production
of new syntheses.
It first displaced the
idea of a natural order to
which humanity is subject and thereafter the very notion
of human
nature itself.
Aristotle, the scholastics, and Kant converted Plato's
idea to inner substance and then into the secret noumenon, the inner heart
which can only offer clues
of its
nature to the groping senses
of inquirers who are by definition permanent outsiders.
Not just a tentative, relativistic ponderance on the
nature of the divine but an actual, concrete, valid (logically, if perhaps not true)
idea in
which he has faith.
If change really involves self - transcendence even, in certain circumstances, to a new essence, even though only in virtue
of the dynamism
of absolute Being,
which of course does not, let it be repeated, alter the fact that it is a question
of self - transcendence; if matter and spirit are not simply disparate in
nature but matter is in a certain way «solidified» spirit, the only significance
of which is to serve to make actual spirit possible, then an evolutionary development
of matter towards spirit is not an inconceivable
idea.15 If there exists at all by virtue
of the motion
of absolute Being, a change in the material order whereby this rises above itself, then this self - transcendence can only occur in the direction
of spirit, because the absolute Being is spirit.
Niebuhr's antipathy toward any form
of inherited sin reflected his fear that it would mitigate responsibility; hence he writes: «the theory
of an inherited second
nature is as clearly destructive
of the
idea of responsibility for sin as rationalistic and dualistic theories
which attribute human evil to the inertia
of nature» (NDM 262).
Foster quotes two passages from the writings
of Francis Bacon,
which show how the
idea of an all - powerful God allowed a transition from a concept
of imperfectly realised forms, to one
of forms
which are open to scientific description and effectively given in
nature (ibid.
«It is the Christian faith
which, by setting the notion
of the infinite being and our relationship with him at the centre
of the whole revealed
idea of God, makes us understand our
nature, our destiny, the
nature of the material world,
of morality, and
of the history
of mankind.»
This world
of ours is a new world, in
which the unity
of knowledge, the
nature of human communities, the order
of society, the order
of ideas, the very notions
of society and culture have changed and will not return to what they have been in the past.
In this view, when the primitive
idea of God,
which was based on the personification
of powers
of nature, vanishes gradually behind the infinitude
of the causal sequence, the concept
of God gains in coherence and consistency in proportion as it achieves a firm position in connection with the claims and needs
of the human spirit, and becomes the «irreducible coefficient
of the achievement
of moral processes in self - consciousness.»
It involves, not belief in the sense
of personal opinions, but rather a set
of actions (saying certain things, going to services, doing good works, etc.) that can be done in the absence
of belief — indeed the
nature of a wager makes it such that you fully admit you don't know,
which is actually an agnostic atti.tude toward the
idea of God's existence.
Thus truly understood, the
idea of revelation is perhaps less difficult to assimilate than it would otherwise be; but, even so, the view that it has occurred in a special and supreme sense in a particular set
of historical occurrences involves the acceptance
of discontinuities within
nature and history
which we find it next to impossible to contemplate.
a set
of cosmological and anthropological views that owed not a little to the vast mélange
of Hellenism and Orientalism flooding the world where he grew up, and providing him with the unique setting for still other
ideas,
of sin, Satan, death,
of the sinful and therefore mortal
nature of man — as «flesh» —
of the «spiritual» forces arrayed against God and his Messiah and all the faithful,
of the victory to be won by the Messiah when he should at last appear — all these
ideas were shaped to the mold
of certain half - Jewish, half - pagan
ideas which Paul seems to have derived from the world about him.
In September, Time magazine organized a debate between Collins and Dawkins
which touched on all the crucial issues: the false
idea that science and faith should be held as not overlapping; the place
of Darwinian evolution in the plan
of God; the fine - tuning
of the physical constants
of nature; the literal interpretation
of Genesis; the place
of miracles including the incarnation and the resurrection
of Jesus; and the origin
of the moral law within the human heart.
The direct evidence consists
of what Whitehead himself tells us, first, about how his books are meant to be read and understood, about the genesis
of his
ideas, and about modifications in his views; and second, about the
nature of his thinking, about his difficulties in translating his thoughts into words, about the sources
of his philosophical terminology, and about the peculiar manner in
which he composed his books.
This paper will examine the arguments on each side, indicate what the societal view implies about the
nature of God, and suggest an additional argument for the societal view based on the
idea of God's freedom and faithfulness
which this view implies.
«This world
of ours is a new world,» wrote Robert Oppenheimer in 1963, «in
which the unity
of knowledge, the
nature of human communities, the order
of society, the order
of ideas, the very notions
of society and culture have changed and will not return to what they have been in the past» (Saturday Review
of Literature, June 29, 1963, p. 11).
The «Law» part only applies to the mathematics
of gravity's effects... not it's
nature (
which we still have no real
idea about).
An essential element
of Hall's novel vision
of the future is the
idea that once technology has been fully established as a self - governing, self - sustaining system, a sort
of «automatic rationality» with
which we need no longer concern ourselves, we will be free to turn away from «actions over against
nature,» to turn our attention «inward» to the sort
of «actions»
which enhance the aesthetic value
of experience.
Finally, the doctrine
of divine omnipotence runs counter to the
idea of the lawfulness
of nature which arose with the development
of the scientific outlook.
In his first book, entitled The Philosophy and Psychology
of Sensation, Hartshorne announces his agreement with the Whiteheadian
idea that the materials
of all
nature are events composed
of aesthetic feeling,» claiming the additional support
of modern physics for the contention; and he has never wavered in this conviction.17 Moreover, he also expounds in this work the further Whiteheadian notion,
which he tirelessly repeats in his later works, that what the Constituent experiences or feelings
of the universe experience are other experiences.
And I think some understanding
of dualistic mythology, philosophy and psychology may help explain the caesura
of which Stace is speaking and the divorce
of mind from
nature that gives Klemke's
ideas their essential structure.
A first point seems to me to be this: to overcome [the] false
idea of man's autonomy as an «I» complete in himself, whereas the «I» is fulfilled in the encounter with the «you» and «we»... It is fundamental to recover a true concept
of Nature as the Creation
of God that speaks to us... and also
of Revelation: recognising that the book
of Creation, in
which God gives us our fundamental orientation, is deciphered in Revelation,
which is endorsed in cultural and religious history, not without mistakes, but in a substantially valid manner, to be further developed and purified anew -LSB-... fostering] openness
of the «I» to the «you», to the «we» and to the «You»
of God.
He did not merely copy Democritus» physics, as was commonly thought, but introduced the
idea of spontaneity into the movement
of the atoms, and to the Democritus world
of inanimate
nature ruled by mechanical laws he added a world
of animate
nature in
which the human will operated.9 Marx thus favours the views
of Epicurus for two reasons: firstly, his emphasis on absolute autonomy
of the human spirit has freed human beings from all superstitions
of transcendent objects; secondly, the emphasis on «free individual self - consciousness» shows one way
of going beyond the system
of a «total philosophy».
The very cardinal
nature of our faith is paradoxical — «Semper simul peccartor et justus» — we are simultaneously justified and sinner (Luther)-- but that truth must be expelled or certainly hushed when the construction
of checks and balances
which morally fence us from the bane
of «the world» (dangerous
ideas) become the goal for the «common good».
The implications
of this
idea for a theology
of nature are not,
of course, worked out in the New Testament itself, but, obscure as the thought - forms undoubtedly are to us, there does shine through them a conviction that the whole universe, could we but see it, is in its essential
nature in harmony not merely with some unknown divine power but specifically with God as revealed in Jesus, and that therefore there must be some modus vivendi between humans and
nature which, even if not yet attained, is in keeping with all that is best in both.