Also,
which nominal interest rate should be used?
Not exact matches
(The Bank of Canada estimates that the
nominal neutral
interest rate, or the rate at
which the level of
interest is neither stimulative or contractionary, is between 2.75 % and 3.75 %, compared with 4.5 % and 5.5 % before the crisis.)
By secular reflation, we mean at least a decade in
which short - and long - term
interest rates stay habitually below
nominal GDP growth and high grade bonds are not really bonds any more: delivering trend returns that are close to zero or even negative.
Real
interest rates,
which subtract inflation from the
nominal rate to show the true cost of borrowing, soared as high as 8 % in the aftermath, as demand for goods and services evaporated and prices tumbled.
As long as this government debt is rolled over continuously at non-repressed
interest rates,
which will be low as
nominal GDP growth drops, China can rebalance the economy without a collapse in growth.
It seems to me that two countries with a price level target will effectively have a
nominal exchange rate target,
which could make for
interesting interactions between foreign and domestic mon pol.
Now, talking about what is specifically happening with the US dollar, it might be
interesting for people to look at the data provided by the World Bank, in
which the World Bank provides the ratio between purchasing power parities and
nominal exchange rates of countries, comparing it with the US dollar.
But I really was convinced of my math,
which connected iron ore prices inexorably with the extraordinarily large gap between China's
Nominal GDP growth and
interest rates set by the PBoC, and it was clearly impossible to maintain this gap.
At least part of this, however, reflects the winding back of inflation, with a corresponding reduction in the inflation premium built into
nominal interest rates,
which in earlier years was being consumed — ie retirees were effectively running down their real capital, often without realising it.
Historically, those
interest rate and
nominal growth effects have largely offset,
which is why Market Cap / GVA has been reliably correlated with actual 10 - year S&P 500
nominal total returns regardless of the prevailing level of
interest rates.
The housing recovery is being supported by an historically high level of affordability of houses
which, in turn, reflects the low level of
nominal interest rates.
If she had added: «Plus, even though we are currently above the Effective Lower Bound on
nominal interest rates (
which is probably below 0 %) we are worried that the margin of safety is getting a bit small, and are pleased that fiscal policy is making that margin of safety a bit bigger than it otherwise would be» that would also be an internally consistent thing for the Bank of Canada to say.
Now, we're sympathetic to the idea that prospective real growth and inflation may be sufficiently lower in the future to place us into a low
nominal growth world,
which would also justify lower equilibrium
interest rate levels.
People looking for high
interest and a variety of features won't be quite as impressed with Simple,
which only gives customers a
nominal 0.01 % APY on their checking deposit.
[Geeks Note: The
interest rate estimates here are based on the inverse of the liquidity preference function,
which explains 96 % of the historical variation in money holdings as a fraction of
nominal GDP.
People looking for high
interest and a variety of features won't be quite as impressed with Simple,
which only gives customers a
nominal 0.01 % APY on their checking deposit.
Calculating the effect of inflation on the
interest rate of a loan results in a figure called the real
interest rate,
which is roughly equal to the difference between a loan's advertised
interest rate, called the
nominal rate, and the rate of inflation:
Nominal, principal, par, or face amount is the amount on
which the issuer pays
interest, and
which, most commonly, has to be repaid at the end of the term.
The Investment Return equals (0.6 * the initial dividend yield of Stock A + 0.4 * [the 2 % real TIPS
interest rate + the 3.0 % inflation rate]-RRB- + (0.6 * the
nominal growth rate of the Stock A dividends + 0.4 * the growth rate of TIPS (
which equals the 3 % inflation rate)-- the 3.0 % inflation rate.
The value of Treasury inflation - protected securities (TIPS) generally fluctuates in response to changes in real
interest rates,
which are, in turn, tied to the relationship between
nominal interest rates and the rate of inflation.
Annual
interest rate compounded daily This is the
nominal interest rate, from
which the effective rate is calculated when compounded daily.
Inflation - indexed securities have a tendency to react to changes in real
interest rates,
which represent
nominal (stated)
interest rates lowered by the anticipated effect of inflation.
Annual
interest rate compounded monthly This is the
nominal interest rate, from
which the effective rate is calculated when compounded monthly.
The fund manager charges a
nominal annual fee on the assets from
which the ETF is composed, and the investors whose stocks make up the funds receive a small
interest charge in exchange for loaning those stocks.
I have replaced my original «Income Stream Allocator» with «CD Income Stream Allocator A,»
which replaces the word «TIPS» with «CD» and
which identifies the CD
interest rate as
NOMINAL, not adjusted for inflation.
The acceptable
nominal interest rate at
which they are willing and able to borrow or lend includes the real
interest rate they require to receive, or are willing and able to pay, plus the rate of inflation they expect.
If the economy is hit by an inflationary supply shock, then it must be met by an increase in the inflation rate and an increase in the
nominal interest rate (thus keeping real rates stable) rather than a rate hike to maintain a constant inflation rate (
which would simply be an unwarranted transfer of wealth to lenders).
It's also important to distinguish
nominal interest rate from real
interest rate,
which accounts for the erosion of buying power caused by inflation.
It requires lawyers and law firms to establish
interest - bearing accounts for client deposits
which are
nominal in amount or large amounts held for a short period of time.
The
interest rate is an effective annual yield based upon a
nominal rate
which is compounded daily.