Sentences with phrase «which photoreceptor»

They assessed gene activity at time points known to correspond with key phases of disease: the «induction phase,» the time before the peak level of photoreceptor cell death; the «execution phase,» when the highest rates of photoreceptor cell death occur; and the «chronic phase,» during which photoreceptor cell death continues at somewhat reduced levels.

Many research groups, including Boyden's and Chow's, have been exploring ways to treat forms of blindness in which photoreceptor cells in the eye have been degraded or are non-existent.

But Marshall thinks the shrimps detect colour based on the pattern in which the photoreceptors fire.

Within this broad topic we are particularly interested in characterising (i) the molecular mechanism by which these photoreceptors mediate light - dependent entrainment of the circadian clock, (ii) the components mediating, in a light - quality - dependent fashion, nucleocytoplasmic partitioning of phytochromes and UVR8, (iii) how phosphorylation and sumoylation of these photorecepors and other signalling components modulate red / far - red and UVB - induced signalling, and (iv) to what extent intercellular and cell - autonomous events contribute to phytochrome and UVR8 regulated photomorphogenesis.

Not exact matches

Consider also his claim that «the right way to think» about a visual experience is that «photons reflected off objects attack the photoreceptor cells of the retina and this sets up a series of neuronal processes (the retina being part of the brain), which eventually result, if all goes well, in a visual experience that is a perception of the very object that originally reflected the photons» (MC 64).

PRA is caused by the degeneration of the photoreceptor cells, rods and cones, which are needed for dark and day light vision, respectively.

And in the absence of pigment in the eye, retinal photoreceptors can become overstimulated and send confusing messages to the brain, which often also produce a nystagmus, or fluttering of the eyes.

The retina contains small, specialized neurons called bipolar cells that transmit information from light - sensitive photoreceptor cells to ganglion neurons, which send information to the brain for interpretation as images.

Nevertheless, the outcome may pave the way for transplants of stem cell — derived eye cells called photoreceptors, which could dramatically improve vision in people with eye disease if all goes according to plan.

In a healthy eye, light enters the retina and activates photoreceptors which process visual information and send it to ganglion cells.

Typically afflicted children start life with poor vision, which worsens as more and more photoreceptors die.

The artificial retina then converts the signal into electrical impulses, which bypass damaged photoreceptors and stimulate the retina's remaining cells.

Similar patches and treatments have already been tested against the «wet» form — in which blood vessels invade and destroy the retinal pigment epithelial cells that nourish and support the photoreceptor cells that capture light.

In the new study, the team focused on neurons called amacrine cells and horizontal cells, which have a known role in «preprocessing» — or adjusting — electrical signals transmitted to the brain from the photoreceptors after they have been stimulated by light photons.

Without RPEs to support and nourish them, adjacent photoreceptor cells which capture light signals, die too and blindness is the result.

As RPEs help to maintain and support adjacent photoreceptor cells which capture light, their loss leads to blindness.

Instead of the brain computing a colour based on the numerical ratio of different colour amounts detected by the photoreceptors, the photoreceptors respond in a particular pattern, which is then sent to the brain.

One of the most complex eyes in the animal kingdom can be found in species of stomatopod crustaceans (mantis shrimp), some of which have 12 different photoreceptor types, each sampling a narrow set of wavelengths ranging from deep ultraviolet to far red (300 to 720 nanometers)(1 — 3).

It first targets a protective lining called the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), which shuttles nutrients to the photoreceptor cells and is vital for their survival.

These findings have suggested the development stages at which to transplant cells — for instance, photoreceptor cells need to be relatively more mature than stem cells, according to Thomas Reh, who studies retinal development at the University of Washington.

In people with these conditions the photoreceptors, which transform light hitting the eye into electrical impulses, are damaged, preventing the brain from receiving image information.

The second layer is made of bipolar cells that act as a conduit between the photoreceptor and the third type of cell, the ganglion, which transmits the light signals to the brain.

«We know that other animals use polarisation patterns in the sky, and we have at least some idea how they do it: bees have specially - adapted photoreceptors in their eyes, and birds, fish, amphibians and reptiles all have cone cell structures in their eyes which may help them to detect polarisation,» says Dr Richard Holland of Queen's University Belfast, co-author of the study.

Ortega - Hernández observed that bright spots at the front of the bodies, which are in fact simple photoreceptors, are embedded into the anterior sclerite.

A new gene therapy treatment has restored some sight in a handful of blind patients suffering from Leber's congenital amaurosis, a syndrome in which, because of a broken or missing gene called RPE65, retinal photoreceptor cells malfunction and eventually die.

A good example of compartmentalization is observed in a specialized type of light - sensing neurons found in the retina, the photoreceptors, which are made up of different compartments containing specific proteins essential for vision.

«We demonstrated that in the absence of Numb, photoreceptors are unable to send a molecule essential for vision to the correct compartment, which causes the cells to progressively degenerate and ultimately die,» adds Dr. Ramamurthy, who carried out the project in Dr. Cayouette's laboratory in collaboration with Christine Jolicoeur, research assistant.

Part of the process of seeing color is that three different kinds of photoreceptors in the eye are tuned to three overlapping families of color: red, green and blue (which are activated by visible light of long, medium and short wavelengths).

Such technologies generally use a camera to detect visual information that is relayed to an implant inside the eye, which effectively replaces the damaged photoreceptors.

In people with these conditions the retina's photoreceptors — which transform light hitting the eye into electrical impulses — are often damaged, preventing visual information from being sent to the brain.

The 29 - year - old physicist wrote a proposal to study how photoreceptors in the eye respond to quantum light, which has applications in designing artificial intelligence systems.

The compound eyes of most arthropods contain thousands of tiny lenses, each of which resolves light to a point on a photoreceptor behind.

The patients had malfunctioning RPE65 genes, which code for a protein that ensures the photoreceptor cells in the retina work smoothly.

When these photoreceptors detect light, they send a signal to specialized neurons in the retina called retinal ganglion cells, or RGCs, which then transmit visual information to the brain by firing electrical pulses along the optic nerve.

In fact, very near the part of your retina where your photoreceptor density is highest lies a region devoid of sensory cells, in which you are completely blind.

Genetic defects cause photoreceptor degeneration, which are majorly classified into rod - cone dystrophy called retinitis pigmentosa (rods initially degenerate, followed by cone degeneration), cone - rod dystrophy (cone degeneration, followed by rod degeneration), and Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA).

Most people who have lost vision due to hereditary retinal degeneration have either no photoreceptors with which to perceive light or photoreceptors that don't work.

Horizontal cells process visual information by integrating and regulating input from rod and cone photoreceptors, which allow eyes to adjust to see well in both bright and dim light conditions.

But someday all of them could offer a valid treatment for retinitis pigmentosa as well as for age - related macular degeneration, which gradually destroys photoreceptors in the center of the retina and is the leading cause of blindness in adults over age 55.

All spectral classes respond faster with light adaptation, but the highest response speeds are attained by green photoreceptors, followed by blue, and then UV, both of which are significantly slower than green photoreceptors, even when fully light - adapted.

However, both Goldberg and Albini agreed there is no evidence that this kind of therapy could have treated the patients» sight problems even if carried out correctly and only sparse evidence that adipose cells can differentiate into retinal pigment epithelium or photoreceptor cells, which play a critical role in macular degeneration.

Intra - and intermolecular signal transduction mechanisms in membrane - embedded (photo --RRB- receptor / transducer complexes are studied using the photoreceptor / transducer complex NpSRII / NpHtrII, which is responsible for the photoactive behavior of the halophilic archaeon Natronomonas pharaonis.

Our work aims to investigate mechanistically the molecular processes through which dysregulation of factors controlling oxidative stress impairs RPE and photoreceptor cell metabolism and their survival in AMD.

If the layer is not sustained, which the implant intends to replace, then the photoreceptor cells also die off, and people lose their sight slowly as a result.

«We think we have the potential to restore the ability of photoreceptors to detect light, which is the first step in being able to construct vision,» he said.

With age, our eyes accumulate waste in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), which supports the life and function of photoreceptors (light sensitive cells in the eye); in advanced stages, RPE and photoreceptors die.

The team transplanted stem cell - derived photoreceptors into another strain of mouse, called CRX null, which is congenitally blind.

Behind the photoreceptors is another layer of cells called retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), which support the rods and cones by delivering nutrients from the bloodstream and removing waste that the rods and cones generate.

Thus, transplanted hNPCctx have the potential to release multiple growth factors, which may act synergistically to slow photoreceptor degeneration [62], [63].

The treatment could help people who have a fault in a gene called RPE65, which causes problems in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), a thin layer of cells that support and nourish photoreceptors.